2026-10-08T13:10:36Z https://rcpp-ie.com/oai.php

10.61873/KEVF7219 2023-12-18 rcpp

Development of a proposed Laser Safety Protocol (LSP) for the prevention of eye and skin hazards in Biomedical Laser facilities Ninos,Georgios Kefala,Vasiliki Biskanaki,Foteini Chaniotis,Dimitrios Tertipi,Niki Sfyri,Eleni Andreou,Eleni Rallis,Efstathios biomedical sciences laser safety protocol eye and skin hazards Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 51-56 Usage of LASER radiation applications is very widespread in numerous specific areas of Biomedical Sciences with proven clinical and treatment results. Furthermore, the apparatus used in Biomedical applications are classified in highest power and danger categories (class 3B or 4). Thus, establishing and keeping necessary laser safety measures is crucial for the assurance of health, safety, ergonomics conditions and specially for the prevention of eye and skin hazards, both for biomedical scientists and patients in health and care units of any scale. To our knowledge, the existing protocols in relevant literature, are quite limited and depict only the basic Laser Safety guidelines. The subject of this study is the development of a complete and detailed Laser Safety Protocol to be implemented in all biomedical facilities. The novelty of the proposed LSP is that it is formulated both in extended verbal instructions and, principally, in a “matrix form”, well defined procedure. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2023 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/KEVF7219 https://doi.org/10.61873/KEVF7219 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34727/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34727/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/MHWV3039 2024-02-17 rcpp

Skin whitening as an aesthetic procedure for the treatment of facial dyschromia Adamtziliadis,Evangelos Rallis,Efstathios Tertipi,Niki Sfyri,Eleni Andreou,Eleni Biskanaki,Foteini Kefala,Vasiliki facial dyschromia skin whitening melanin hyperpigmentation whitening agents chemical peels IPL dermabrasion microneedling Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 7-12 Facial dyschromia cause problems in the appearance, resulting in negative psychological and social effects that degrade the quality of life of a person. They are the result of excessive accumulation of melanin in various parts of the epidermis due to excessive melanogenesis, which is either caused by a reaction to the effect of ultraviolet radiation or, in most cases, has a pathological etiology. The present article presents the various methods of skin whitening that can be used through Aesthetic practice. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/MHWV3039 https://doi.org/10.61873/MHWV3039 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34715/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34715/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/EDSR6763 2024-02-17 rcpp

Permanent make up – PMU colorants and regulations Andreou,Eleni Rallis,Efstathios Sfyri,Eleni Tertipi,Niki Biskanaki,Foteini Kefala,Vasiliki permanent make-up PMU colorants regulations Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 13-16 Decorative tattoos is a popular way of expression in young people. Permanent Make Up (PMU), is gaining ground every day for facial characteristics correction. Colorants used for PMU applications dot not always follow the regulations of the European legislation and may contain harmful ingredients for the health. European countries are trying to create a common regulation followed by each country member to protect public health. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/EDSR6763 https://doi.org/10.61873/EDSR6763 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34717/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34717/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/COBD5903 2024-02-17 rcpp

Laser innovations in Aesthetics Biskanaki,Foteini Rallis,Efstathios Andreou,Eleni Sfyri,Eleni Tertipi,Niki Ninos,George Kefala,Vasiliki laser innovations multiple wavelengths in hair removal diode laser 1060 nm lipolysis Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 17-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/COBD5903 https://doi.org/10.61873/COBD5903 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34720/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34720/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/VUQT8301 2024-02-17 rcpp

Isotretinoin and psychiatric adverse effects: A literature review Lotsaris,Kleomenis Grech,Vasiliki Grech,Ioanna Kefala,Vasiliki Rallis,Efstathios isotretinoin suicide depression psychiatry adverse effects Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 23-29 This literature review article discusses the use of isotretinoin and examines its association with psychiatric adverse effects, particularly depression and suicidal ideation. The article presents historical and molecular data on isotretinoin and delves into the literature regarding its psychiatric side effects in the treatment of acne vulgaris. It tries to answer in questions about whether the scientific community has overlooked the significance of the underlying disease and explores the awareness of healthcare professionals regarding these potential adverse effects. Additionally, it investigates the likelihood of these effects based on the available literature to date. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/VUQT8301 https://doi.org/10.61873/VUQT8301 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34721/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34721/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/RJDB1796 2024-02-17 rcpp

Semaglutide (Ozempic) and obesity. A comprehensive guide for aestheticians Grech,Vasiliki Lotsaris,Kleomenis Grech,Ioanna Kefala,Vasiliki Rallis,Efstathios obesity skin aesthetician semaglutide Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 31-35 Obesity is a complex interplay of biological, genetic, behavioural, and environmental factors. Going beyond the conventional Body Mass Index (BMI) evaluation, the complex relationship between obesity and skin diseases unveils the evolving role of aesthetics in health promotion. Adipose tissue, traditionally seen as an energy reservoir, is unveiled as a dynamic endocrine organ, playing a crucial role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. This article navigates the skin-deep impact of obesity and unravelling its influence on dermatological challenges. From disrupted epidermal barriers to diseases such as psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa, it further explores how licensed cosmetologists emerge as health advocates. For what is more, semaglutide, a groundbreaking GLP-1 agonist, takes the spotlight, tracing its journey from FDA approval for type 2 diabetes to its recent endorsement for obesity. The article examines its mechanism, efficacy, and unintended consequences of popularity, emphasizing the need for responsible medication use. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/RJDB1796 https://doi.org/10.61873/RJDB1796 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34723/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34723/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/GTQG1189 2024-02-17 rcpp

Comparative study of cavitation and extracorporeal shock wave therapy Karydi,Maria Kefala,Vasiliki Rallis,Efstathios Biskanaki,Foteini ultrasound cavitation extracorporeal shock wave therapy lipolysis Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 37-41 Nowadays, a person’s body image is an important issue that affects cognitive function, and mental and physical health. Today, people seek to improve their body contours and reduce body fat through non-invasive, safe, painless, and comfortable solutions. These conditions have led to the rapid development of non-invasive devices that use the technology of ultrasound and help to immediately and effectively improve body image. In this article, two technologies are based on ultrasound. The first is cavitation, and the second is shock wave ultrasound that will be presented, their characteristics will be developed and they will be compared in terms of their effectiveness and their advantages among the currently available research data. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/GTQG1189 https://doi.org/10.61873/GTQG1189 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34725/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34725/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/YAOK3799 2024-02-17 rcpp

Newer developments in the treatment of aesthetic lesions caused by excessive exposure of the skin to blue light Koldiri,Elpida Kefala,Vasiliki Rallis,Efstathios blue light blue light protection skin protection antioxidants photoprotection anti-aging strategies skin photoaging Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 43-49 Blue light, with wavelengths from 400 nm to 500 nm, is an important part of the sun’s electromagnetic radiation spectrum, which is present in human daily life, especially in the modern era due to the increased use of electronic devices through their screens. Low-energy and low time of exposure to blue light can enhance the prevention of certain skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and atopic dermatitis, while studies have demonstrated that prolonged exposure to high-energy blue light can increase the amount of skin damage. DNA, cell death, skin barrier and fibroblast damage, hyperpigmentation, and photoaging. Therefore, in the fields of aesthetics and cosmetology, it is important to study the problems caused by exposure to the blue radiation spectrum. Improved protection filters, extracts of plant products, a variety of antioxidants, and natural ingredients from plants and algae are added to cosmetic products and compose innovative formulations as part of a comprehensive photoprotection strategy. In recent decades, antiaging strategies have been developed that include minimally invasive treatments with remarkable safety and efficacy and reduced recovery time. A combined approach of these treatments can provide optimal results in repairing the skin damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiation and, consequently, in the overall improvement of the appearance of photoaged skin. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/YAOK3799 https://doi.org/10.61873/YAOK3799 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34726/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34726/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/KIAE8575 2024-02-17 rcpp

New developments in the treatment of aesthetic problems with electroporation Theodoropoulou,Konstantina Rallis,Efstathios Kefala,Vasiliki electroporation transdermal delivery of substances aesthetic problems newer developments in aesthetic problems transdermal methods through systems electrically assisted transdermal absorption Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 57-62 In the present paper we study the literature and research done by notable researchers, around the science of transdermal administration, the most recent scientific developments in enhancing skin permeability using third generation technologies. The purpose of this search is to find the latest transdermal methods through electrically assisted transdermal absorption systems to address aesthetic problems, specifically with the electroporation method. Electroporation allows quick and deep penetration of active ingredients, through the “electropores” promoting the ability to channel ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, etc. to the desired point. In this way, effective, targeted, and uniform distribution of the active water-soluble substances of small and high molecular weight is achieved, in deeper layers of the skin tissues. As a result of this whole process, the electroporation method is an additional weapon in our quiver for dealing with and improving aesthetic problems. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/KIAE8575 https://doi.org/10.61873/KIAE8575 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34729/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34729/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/FCXV3865 2024-02-17 rcpp

In vitro skin models. Challenges and future steps Letsiou,Sophia Beloukas,Apostolos Rallis,Efstathios Kefala,Vasiliki in vitro models skin models three-dimensional models cosmetics Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 63-65 The in vitro models have great potential in skin-related research as well as in testing for active ingredients in cosmetics, dermocosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Human skin behavior can be simulated in vitro using a variety of methods ranging from cell monolayer models to complicated organotypic and bioengineered three-dimensional models. Moreover, skin in vitro models offer an excellent alternative to animal testing in cosmetics and some of them are validated to be used as preclinical assays. However, the in vitro simulation of the whole skin together with its appendages is still in its early stages. In this article we discuss a short evolution of skin models with its challenges and its future. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/FCXV3865 https://doi.org/10.61873/FCXV3865 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34730/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34730/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/TCIU1717 2024-02-17 rcpp

The effect of exercise on the quality of the skin Tertipi,Niki Sfyri,Eleni Kefala,Vasiliki Biskanaki,Foteini Andreou,Eleni Chaniotis,Dimitrios Rallis,Efstathios exercise skin aging skin elasticity sarcopenia collagen stress skin hydration Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 67-70 The skin is the body’s largest organ, serving as the primary barrier against infections and diseases. It is the part of the body that comes into direct contact with the environment. The proper functioning of the skin is influenced by the supply of blood, oxygen, and water. Exercise has numerous health benefits. It aims to strengthen and promote the health and well-being of our body, offering various advantages. It enhances cardiovascular health, reduces the risk of diseases, boosts the immune system, helps us manage stress, and enhances our psychological well-being. It improves overall body function and influences the quality of the skin. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/TCIU1717 https://doi.org/10.61873/TCIU1717 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34733/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34733/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/AGVK6132 2024-02-17 rcpp

Applications and effects of “Cold Atmospheric Plasma” in Aesthetics Pantelopoulou,Maria Rallis,Efstathios Kefala,Vasiliki skin cold atmospheric plasma RONS aging dermatology facial dermatoaesthetic Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 71-74 Aging is an unavoidable and natural process for all organs. The aging process of the face is a gradual atrophic progression of soft and hard tissues and takes place gradually, over 3 to 4 decades, with a little clinical evidence. It is eventually recognized by the emergence of furrows and wrinkles together with a loss of tonicity. The consequences of this on the patient’s self-confidence could negatively influence the quality of life in a psychological and social way. Different techniques have been used for removing or improving the signs of ageing. Currently, a physicochemical approach, based on ionized gases, is joining the skin non-surgical treatments. This technology, named Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP), was already used in dermatology to promote wound healing. Today, CAP is entering into the cosmetic field, thus providing a new challenge. In reason of their unique ability to generate a complex chemical mix and thanks to their physical properties, CAPs could be a promising alternative in non-invasive treatment of skin. However, the scientific bases of cold plasma effects on skin and the identification of their exact mechanisms of action, both at the cellular and at the molecular levels, are still lacking and they constitute a new active field of investigation. The present article is a literature review of the applications and effects of “cold atmospheric plasma” in aesthetics. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/AGVK6132 https://doi.org/10.61873/AGVK6132 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34734/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34734/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/ZEFL9915 2024-02-17 rcpp

Etiology of chronic pruritus Rallis,Efstathios Sfyri,Eleni Tertipi,Niki Kefala,Vasiliki chronic pruritus itch pruritus etiology Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 75-80 Pruritus is considered a very frequent symptom and defined as chronic when its duration is longer than 6 weeks. The prevalence and the etiology of chronic pruritus (CP) are associated with various factors such as, age, atopy, underlying diseases, ethnicity, climate and humidity, as well as access to local healthcare system. The CP significantly affects the patients’ quality of life. Over time, patients often report sleep and mood disorders, with a negative psycho-social impact. From skin to brain, pruritus transmission occurs via multiple pathways, which are regulated by numerous cells, mediators, and receptors. A complete history and careful clinical examination are the keys to the diagnostic approach and determining treatment steps. Dermatological examination is essential and sometimes, an extensive laboratory testing must be carried out. The complexity in the presentation of this symptom, its obscure pathophysiology and multifactorial etiology, and the absence of clearly defined therapeutic goals, make CP a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/ZEFL9915 https://doi.org/10.61873/ZEFL9915 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34736/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34736/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/EZEA1091 2024-02-17 rcpp

Athletes’ performance increasing techniques through application of aesthetics procedures Sfyri,Eleni Tertipi,Niki Biskanaki,Foteini Andreou,Eleni Chaniotis,Dimitrios Rallis,Efstathios Kefala,Vasiliki athlete’s performance aesthetic applications sauna massage depilation electrotherapy Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s1): 81-86 Sport performance is the way in which sport participation is measured. It has different aspects, each of which has a number of subcategories. Apart from these, there are some additional elements that are important in the training process, such as nutrition, meal time and supplements, maintaining a healthy weight, hydration, rest and recovery, satisfying body image and well-being. Aesthetician/Cosmetologist can be among the professionals who can be important for the positive outcome of the training process. Massage, sauna, and cryotherapy are some methods which can be used by athletes for recovering as quickly as possible and to be able for best performance for long periods of time. Electrotherapy can be used for the improvement of strength, speed, physical condition and maximum endurance and can increase the ability of red blood cells to deform and absorb more oxygen improving strength in high performance exercise. Electrotherapy and microcurrent have positive effects on body composition by burning fat. Additionally, depilation in sports, is recommended for a variety of reasons including body appearance, improving hydrodynamics and aerodynamics by decrease resistance, the easier putting on sports clothes, cleaning of wounds, easier massage to relax and regenerate muscles and better heat dissipation through the skin. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/EZEA1091 https://doi.org/10.61873/EZEA1091 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34737/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34737/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/OEFM7580 2024-02-22 rcpp

Should ultrasound assessment of the endometrium be necessary in patients treated with tamoxifen? Iatrakis,George Zervoudis,Stefanos Sarella,Angeliki Tsikouras,Panagiotis Paschopoulos,Minas Balafouta,Myrsini Peitsidis,Panagiotis tamoxifen endometrial thickness ultrasound breast cancer Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(1): 7-9 Tamoxifen is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator that is used mainly for adjuvant treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. However, tamoxifen, due to its estrogen-mimicking effects, has been linked to various uterine conditions including menstrual irregularities, and endometrial cancer. Considering that in women taking tamoxifen, ultrasonographical endometrial thickness can be increased without an underlying pathology and that the tamoxifen induces only an extra endometrial cancer in 1 per 1000 women per year of use, patients undergoing tamoxifen treatment don’t typically undergo regular examinations of the endometrium, including ultrasonography. Routine ultrasonographic screening for endometrial lesions could result in excessive intervention for non-symptomatic endometrial conditions, undue stress, and might even negatively affect patients’ adherence to tamoxifen therapy, which is crucial for reducing breast cancer recurrence and mortality. Nevertheless, if any unusual bleeding arises, an endometrial evaluation is necessary. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Editorial text/html info:doi:10.61873/OEFM7580 https://doi.org/10.61873/OEFM7580 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34739/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34739/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/FVLX2571 2024-03-11 rcpp

Erratum to: Should ultrasound assessment of the endometrium be necessary in patients treated with tamoxifen? Iatrakis,George Zervoudis,Stefanos Sarella,Angeliki Tsikouras,Panagiotis Paschopoulos,Minas Balafouta,Myrsini Peitsidis,Panagiotis Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(1): 10-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Corrigendum text/html info:doi:10.61873/FVLX2571 https://doi.org/10.61873/FVLX2571 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34740/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34740/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/BNPY9369 2024-03-12 rcpp

Diabetes management in healthy ageing. A mini review Trapali,Maria DM2 insulin ageing population Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(1): 11-17 Diabetes is a common and serious disease. However, the past 50 years have seen a growing ageing population with an increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Now, nearly half of all individuals with diabetes mellitus are older adults (aged ≥65 years). Elderly people with diabetes is a heterogeneous group, in many cases the condition of diabetes is accompanied by other chronic diseases, but also by the ability of the elderly themselves to control their blood glucose. The therapeutic treatment of elderly diabetic patients must be done with special attention and a lot of thought. Special importance should be given to exercise with aerobic exercise or alternatively the application of a program of progressive increase in muscle intensity (3-5 times a week), as well as training in proper nutrition with particular emphasis on the Mediterranean diet, which seems to increase survival in adults. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/BNPY9369 https://doi.org/10.61873/BNPY9369 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34743/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34743/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/OJPV6764 2024-03-15 rcpp

Antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Acanthus mollis L. using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents Trapali,Maria Tebbi,Sara Karkalousos,Petros Debbache-Benaida,Nadjet Chaniotis,Dimitrios Apostolopoulos,Vasso type-2 diabetes diabetes mellitus Acanthus mollis total phenolic content anti-diabetic action antioxidant activity bioactive compounds Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(1): 19-25 In recent years, the study of medicinal plants’ therapeutic properties has increased due to their effects and biological activities. The Acanthaceae family consists of 242 genera and 3947 species mainly distributed across tropical and subtropical zones. This family is known to contain a wide range of bioactive compounds, such as, alkaloids, triterpenes steroids glycosides, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. Herein, the antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects of Acanthus mollis (AM) extracted by green alternative technology; ultrasound assisted-deep eutectic solvents extraction (UAE-DES) were determined. The data obtained, showed that AM seeds had the highest Total Phenolic Content, antioxidant activity and anti-diabetic activity compared to AM seeds shell. The presence of antioxidants with anti-diabetic properties in AM could potentially serve as a foundation for innovative drug formulations capable of addressing several diseases. However, it is strongly advised that studies, including toxicity assessments, be conducted with a view towards pharmaceutical applications. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/OJPV6764 https://doi.org/10.61873/OJPV6764 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34744/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34744/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/CZZG7769 2024-03-22 rcpp

Balloon angioplasty and stenting of lower extremity arteries in patients with critical limb ischemia Khatsko,Kostiantyn Savolyuk,Serhiy endovascular treatment angioplasty stent occlusive-stenotic lesions critical lower extremity ischemia endovascular devices Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(1): 27-37 Lower extremity peripheral vascular disease is a typical, rapidly progressive, and disabling condition. In most patients, limb ischemia is detected at late stages of the disease. As a result, they are at high risk of limb loss, which makes a complete conventional treatment ineffective. In this situation, balloon angioplasty and stenting of lower extremity arteries are considered the optimal modern method of treating patients with critical limb ischemia. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of endovascular techniques to improve revascularization during the treatment of critical lower extremity ischemia. The research involved a comprehensive examination and endovascular treatment of 170 patients with occlusive-stenotic lesions of the lower extremity arteries. The patients were operated for critical ischemia between January 2016 and December 2022, and the effectiveness of the measures taken was analyzed. It was found that the pathology under the study requires timely diagnosis and identification of the severity of limb ischemia and circulatory disorders, with the subsequent preparation of an appropriate treatment plan. The authors discussed the main problems accompanying balloon angioplasty and stenting of the lower extremity arteries in patients with critical limb ischemia. Also, the experience of developed countries in the optimization and improvement of the studied technique was studied. It has been proven that the diagnosis of lower extremity vascular disease is related to specific difficulties. However, it can be made on an outpatient basis by analyzing medical examination data and simple laboratory methods. The authors also examined the feasibility and prospects of balloon angioplasty and stenting of the lower extremity arteries in patients with critical limb ischemia. The research findings have a practical value for improving the treatment of patients with occlusive and stenotic lesions of the lower extremities, as well as for improving the effectiveness of balloon angioplasty and stenting. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Systematic Review text/html info:doi:10.61873/CZZG7769 https://doi.org/10.61873/CZZG7769 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34745/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34745/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/EKFH6100 2024-03-22 rcpp

Gestational diabetes and the risk of type 2 diabetes in postnatal period Bolou,Angeliki Gourounti,Kleanthi gestational diabetes type 2 diabetes preventive strategies Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(1): 39-45 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is the most common pregnancy complication, affecting 14% of global pregnancies. This literature review emphasizes the importance of developing universal screening and diagnostic criteria in pregnancy. Screening criteria, as outlined by organizations like NICE and WHO, vary, reflecting the ongoing debate about the most effective diagnostic methods. GDM is linked with significant risk factors, and timely diagnosis enables intervention strategies to prevent adverse obstetric outcomes. This review underscores the lasting impact of GDM on maternal health, increasing the risk of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), particularly in the first five years post-delivery. Despite this risk, there is a notable gap in preventive care and postnatal screening. Barriers include the absence of a universal protocol, unclear responsibilities among healthcare professionals, and challenges faced by women in the postnatal period. The low uptake of postnatal testing increases potential risks of entering a future pregnancy with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. This review highlights the urgent need for effective postpartum interventions, emphasizing education for women to prevent type 2 diabetes and ensuring safe subsequent pregnancies. There is a need for comprehensive, universal postnatal care strategies to address the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes globally. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Literature Review text/html info:doi:10.61873/EKFH6100 https://doi.org/10.61873/EKFH6100 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34748/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34748/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/YBCS9028 2024-03-25 rcpp

Lutein in chronic diseases: a mini review Trapali,Maria lutein eye health diabetes cancer brain heart Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(1): 47-56 Lutein is a xanthophyll carotenoid that can be found in a divergency of fruits and plants. Its main action is to protect eye health and vision. Its antioxidant properties play a crucial role in eye agitations, in decreasing inflammation, in protecting the neural tissues from chemical analyzed hypoxia and cell apoptosis. Lutein supplementation in association with low-calorie diet had a notable abatement in fat-free mass, visceral fat and serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol. Lutein may also have a natural anti-cancer effect. This is because foods rich in lutein have antioxidant activity and oppose inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of this mini-review was to provide an up-to-date overview of the main effects of lutein in health and disease. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/YBCS9028 https://doi.org/10.61873/YBCS9028 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34749/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34749/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/JTUW4404 2024-03-26 rcpp

Multiple sclerosis’ evolution of paediatric patients in adult life: A preliminary study Giourgali,Danai-Niki multiple sclerosis early-onset glucocorticoids disease-modifying therapies adverse reactions retrospective observational clinical study preliminary study statistical analysis Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(1): 57-71 Background – Nowadays, multiple sclerosis is considered to be the most common immune-mediated, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Approximately 2.1 million people suffer from this disease worldwide. Scope – The presented article is a retrospective observational preliminary clinical study, being based upon fourteen patients. Materials and methods – These patients were initially evaluated and diagnosed in the ‘Neuropaediatric department’ and then admitted to the ‘Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest’ (SUUB), after the age of 18 years. The aim of this clinical study was to retrospectively assess the evolution of multiple sclerosis from the moment of its initial clinical manifestation on these paediatric patients into adult life. Results – For each of these patients, a study sheet was designed, according to which every patient was evaluated based upon a variety of parameters. Conclusions – The majority of the data obtained from this preliminary clinical study is congruent with the literature. Nevertheless, the presented article emphasizes the possibility of a Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – viral infection to be a causative agent of multiple sclerosis and not a protective factor instead. Even though epileptic seizures are considered to be an unusual manifestation of multiple sclerosis, a specific case of one paediatric patient with multiple sclerosis is being presented, who also suffered from general tonic-clonic seizures. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Observational Review text/html info:doi:10.61873/JTUW4404 https://doi.org/10.61873/JTUW4404 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34750/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34750/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/KJDF4893 2024-04-09 rcpp

Biomedical applications of collagen: A review Rahman,Mashiur Huda,Mainul Hasan,Anamul Khan,Mala collagen wound healing arthritis tissue regeneration pulmonary fibrosis Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(1): 73-86 Collagen is an excellent biomaterial. Biological characteristics of collagen including biodegradability and weak antigenicity made it a primary resource in medical application. In biomedical field collagen is mainly used as sponges for wound/burn, supplement in rheumatoid arthritis, drug delivery system, controlling material for transdermal delivery and basic matrices for cell culture system due to its ability to stimulate formation of tissue and organ. Moreover, collagen is also applied in tissue engineering including bone defect, tissue regeneration, skin replacement and artificial blood vessels and valves. The article reviews biomedical application of collagen in wound healing, rheumatoid arthritis, drug delivery system, tissue engineering and lung function improvement in pulmonary fibrosis due to viral infection. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/KJDF4893 https://doi.org/10.61873/KJDF4893 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34751/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34751/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/WWAY6273 2024-04-19 rcpp

Adverse effects of long-term proton pump inhibitors in chronic liver disease patients – A preliminary article review Maimunah,Ummi Kurniawan,Andreas Palayukan,Andrio proton pump inhibitors chronic liver disease hepatitis spontaneous bacterial peritonitis hepatic encephalopathy hepatocellular carcinoma Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(1): 87-97 Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed medications for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcer disease. Despite their efficacy, concerns have emerged regarding their potential adverse effects, particularly in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). CLD patients often experience gastrointestinal symptoms and may be prescribed PPIs, but the impact of PPI use on liver function and disease progression remains uncertain. Scope: This study aims to evaluate the adverse effects of PPIs on CLD patients through a review of available literature. The scope encompasses a review of studies examining the association between PPI use and liver-related outcomes, including hepatic encephalopathy, hepatic decompensation, liver cirrhosis progression, and mortality, among CLD patients. Method: A scoping review of relevant literature were conducted to identify studies investigating the adverse effects of PPIs in CLD patients. Databases including PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for articles published up to January, 1 2023. Eligible studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Results: The review identified 27 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, comprising observational studies and meta-analysis. The review revealed a significant association between PPI use and adverse liver outcomes in CLD patients. Specifically, PPI use was associated with increased risk of SBP based on studies reviewed, while other complications remained inconclusive. Conclusion: The findings suggest that PPI use may have detrimental effects on disease progression in CLD patients, Long-term use of PPIs can lead to higher risk of SBP in CLD patients. Clinicians should exercise caution when prescribing PPIs to this vulnerable population and consider alternative treatment options or minimize PPI use to mitigate potential adverse outcomes. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, confirm the effect of PPIs toward other complications of CLD and establish guidelines for PPI use in CLD patients. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/WWAY6273 https://doi.org/10.61873/WWAY6273 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34755/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34755/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/VBNU2182 2024-05-05 rcpp

The 1st International Babylon Conference on Clinical and Experimental Pharmacological Research: mapping the Iraqi pharmacological research activity and priorities Liapi,Charis Zarros,Apostolos Iraq pharmacological research ethnopharmacology antibiotic resistance nanopharmacology Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 1-2 The proceedings of the 1st International Babylon Conference on Clinical and Experimental Pharmacological Research (taking place at the College of Pharmacy of the University of Babylon, in Hillah, Iraq; May 4-5, 2024) are hereby hosted by the Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics – International Edition ; a journal that has provided a significant service to the international pharmacological community since 1987. These proceedings include a total of 50 papers (including this editorial) and provide a representative overview of the conference’s rich scientific programme. The latter has served two objectives: (i) to facilitate the mapping of the Iraqi pharmacological research and priorities, and (ii) to enable the establishment of international collaborations in the field. In that respect, the proceedings host the inspiring messages of several conference keynote speakers from abroad, and feature a variety of clinical and experimental studies that well relate to the priorities currently set by the Iraqi pharmacological community. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Editorial text/html info:doi:10.61873/VBNU2182 https://doi.org/10.61873/VBNU2182 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34756/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34756/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/HHHL5872 2024-05-05 rcpp

Chronic nutritional deficit resulting in multiorgan disease presentations in remote Pakistan: case reviews from natural disaster settings Aslam,Hadia malnutrition natural disaster multiorgan disease Pakistan disease presentation Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 3-5 The aftermath of monsoon rains that fell in Pakistan from June to November 2022 were catastrophic as millions of people were affected, water systems were damaged, and agricultural production was affected. The floods aggravated the already existing nutrition crisis which largely increased children’s vulnerability. Disaster Medicine and Dentistry (DMD), a UK-registered consultancy organization, provided support to the affected households in Dera Ismail Khan through the provision of water pumps, food rations, and climate-resistant houses. It also established a mobile medical unit that provided medical services to affected households. All the children that came for consultation were far below the expected height or weight range for their age, thus showing signs of chronic malnutrition. They also presented with multiorgan diseases as a result of the chronic malnutrition, and DMD’s onsite and remote consultants managed them all. We took a wholistic approach to managing the nutrition crisis and the floods, which significantly improved the health outcomes of the affected individuals and households. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Keynote Speech text/html info:doi:10.61873/HHHL5872 https://doi.org/10.61873/HHHL5872 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34757/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34757/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/CCDW2092 2024-05-05 rcpp

Inorganic polymers as drug carriers: opportunities and challenges Divband,Baharak inorganic polymers drug delivery controlled delivery drug encapsulation drug carriers Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 7-9 Innovative methods and significant developments in designing new synthetic inorganic materials have been used to overcome limitations of current drug delivery systems. Inorganic polymers are widely used in the field of biomedicine, imaging, tissue engineering and drug delivery because of their bioactivity, biocompatibility, and stability. A few of the more well-known wholly inorganic polymers are portland cement, silicon dioxide, polyanionic glasses (including titania- and aluminosilicate glasses), poly(sulphur nitride), polycrystalline diamond, graphite, poly(sulphur nitride), and aluminum-silicate materials. Inorganic polymers, especially those possessing significant porosity, are good potential candidates for the delivery of several drugs (anticancer, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatories), providing advantages such as encapsulation, controlled delivery, and improved targeting of drugs. Choosing a suitable drug carrier with a selective targeting potential also seems to be a very promising way for improving stability as well as selectivity. Despite all the advances, developing homogeneous inorganic polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions is a multidisciplinary challenge. The current keynote speech provides a review of the opportunities and challenges of using inorganic polymers as drug carriers. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Keynote Speech text/html info:doi:10.61873/CCDW2092 https://doi.org/10.61873/CCDW2092 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34760/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34760/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/AGTJ1593 2024-05-05 rcpp

Technology-enhanced learning in Pharmacology through non-linear storytelling Elliott,Christina medical education pharmacology game-based learning generative artificial intelligence active learning Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 11-13 There is a growing body of literature highlighting the potential of game-based learning (GBL) in creating immersive, highly engaging, active learning experiences. Furthermore, advances in digital technology along with the demand for online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has brought digital GBL to the forefront of innovative teaching practice. Here, I share some of the digital GBL strategies we have developed to support our pharmacology teaching. In collaboration with our students, we have co-created a series of “choose your own adventure” style games using Twine; an open-source storytelling game engine. Importantly, we have shown that adoption of these GBL approaches is highly effective in promoting student engagement, subject understanding, and learning community. Furthermore, I also discuss how AI tools can allow educators with little knowledge or experience of game development to create unique and engaging learning experiences for their students. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Keynote Speech text/html info:doi:10.61873/AGTJ1593 https://doi.org/10.61873/AGTJ1593 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34762/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34762/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/MDHA4165 2024-05-05 rcpp

Tackling obesity from a nanomedicine perspective Gobbo,Oliviero cancer adiposopathy magneto-mechanical stress hyperthermia nanomedicine Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 15-17 Obesity is a worldwide issue that is progressively worsening. It can result in significant co-morbidities, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity-related cancers. Current treatment options for obesity have several limitations, and the connection between obesity and cancer development is not well comprehended. We examine the current state and future prospects of obesity therapy, with a focus on the potential application of nanomedicine. The presentation emphasizes the necessity for further research in this field and how developments in cancer therapy using nanomedicines could be applied for the treatment of obesity, thereby providing a safe and effective treatment with reduced side-effects for those patients. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Keynote Speech text/html info:doi:10.61873/MDHA4165 https://doi.org/10.61873/MDHA4165 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34764/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34764/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/XEYD8146 2024-05-05 rcpp

The translational aspects of glucocorticoid biorhythmicity in modern therapeutics Kalafatakis,Konstantinos glucocorticoids biorhythmicity chronopharmacology pulsatile hormonal replacement biosensor-assisted drug delivery systems Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 19-21 Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones, vital for mammalian life. They have a plethora of biological effects, mainly supporting metabolic, cognitive, and immunological functions. The pharmacological use of glucocorticoids makes them one of the most frequently prescribed drugs across all continents, and in all types of forms. Nevertheless, a number of serious adverse effects accompany the prolonged treatment with high doses of glucocorticoids. Research developments over the last 20 years have gradually reshaped the way we think about glucocorticoid-based therapeutics. Aside their circadian rhythm and their delayed regulatory influence over an extensive number of sensitive genes, glucocorticoids also possess an underlying, ultradian rhythm, and also exert rapid, non-genomic effects. The notion that chronicity of glucocorticoid stimulation may differentially modulate the type of biological effects of the hormone brings various chronopharmacological concepts on the table of modern glucocorticoid-based therapeutics. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Keynote Speech text/html info:doi:10.61873/XEYD8146 https://doi.org/10.61873/XEYD8146 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34765/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34765/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/OVUE2319 2024-05-05 rcpp

The interaction of choline and one-carbon / folate metabolism derangements on the cardiac remodeling process with or without diabetes Liapi,Charis choline-deprivation diabetes diabetic cardiomyopathy rat Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 23-25 Proper nutrition helps protect from illness and disease. Choline (Ch), an essential molecule of substantial importance for the optimal development and function of several biological systems, plays a crucial role in the pathway of one-carbon metabolism. On the other hand, Ch-deprivation (CD) has been linked with abnormal fat metabolism, insulin resistance, and myocardial dysfunction. The Ch-deficiency setting is an established experimental model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis that resembles the human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); a disease with constantly increasing incidence and prevalence. NAFLD, commonly associated with metabolic comorbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, consists a high risk for cardiovascular disease. Experimental data of dietary CD through the administration of a Ch-deficient diet to rodents have revealed myocardial monocyte infiltration along with cardiac interstitial oedema and fibrosis, as well as a deleterious effect on cardiac valves that could lead to impaired heart mechanical properties which resemble to a restrictive pattern of cardiomyopathy characterised mainly by diastolic dysfunction. In a Ch-deprived diabetic experimental model, the diastolic heart failure has been characterized by a concentric hypertrophied myocardium, a left ventricular cavity with a thinner wall, and an increased left ventricular diastolic diameter, in addition to a left atrial dilatation that could also exert functional derangement and provoke arrhythmogenesis, thereby jeopardising cardiac output. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Keynote Speech text/html info:doi:10.61873/OVUE2319 https://doi.org/10.61873/OVUE2319 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34770/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34770/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/ZXQS4380 2024-05-05 rcpp

Network pharmacology speaking to ethnopharmacology: new data on an ancient remedy Liu,Junying network pharmacology computer-aided drug design molecular docking virtual screening ethnopharmacology Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 27-29 Network pharmacology as a “green approach”, predicting metabolite behaviours chemically and biologically and guiding biological experimental design, is a new strategy aiming to uncover the mechanism of action of natural products as drug candidates. It provides a powerful way to identify novel mechanisms of natural products with potential therapeutic effects. This approach has emerged as a powerful tool to overcome the limitations of traditional methods, such as the ability to predict the adverse effects of a drug and the likelihood of failure during clinical trials, by applying systems biology principles to the field of pharmacology. This method combines the multi-omics dataset, computer modeling, and chemical biology so as to reveal pharmaceutical actions and guide drug discovery. Therefore, computer-aided drug design combined with network pharmacology can be viewed as a novel in silico screening approach to drug discovery, by utilising chemoinformatics, bioinformatics, structure biology, and chemical biology. This strategy includes target-based virtual screening – molecular docking, ligand similarity-based virtual screening, and inverse screening (Inver-dock), providing a powerful tool for target identification of drug candidates, multitarget discovery, and natural bioactive product profiling. It can also be used for selectivity profiling of drugs, drug repositioning, safety profiling, and metabolism profiling prediction (ADMET). info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Keynote Speech text/html info:doi:10.61873/ZXQS4380 https://doi.org/10.61873/ZXQS4380 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34771/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34771/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/VQJH7890 2024-05-05 rcpp

The off-target NHE1 inhibitory effect of SGLT2 inhibitors in cardiac remodeling Mraiche,Fatima cardiac remodeling NHE1 SGLT1/2 cardiovascular disease Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 31-32 Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, approved for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, have gained attention for their cardioprotective effect. The exact mechanism by which SGLT-2 inhibitors exert their cardioprotective effect remains unclear. Recent studies have suggested that empagliflozin (EMPA), an SGLT inhibitor, exerts its cardioprotective effect by inhibiting the Na + /H + exchanger (NHE); a group of membrane proteins that regulate intracellular pH and cell volume. Increased activity and expression of NHE isoform 1 (NHE1), the predominant isoform expressed in the heart, leads to cardiac hypertrophy. Our research group investigates the indirect mechanisms by which SGLT inhibitors exert their cardioprotective effect and have demonstrated that angiotensin II (ANG)-induced hypertrophy of H9c2 cardiomyoblasts is accompanied with increased SGLT-1 and NHE1 protein expression; an effect which is reversed in the presence of EMPA. In addition, we demonstrated that dapagliflozin improved survival of transgenic mice expressing cardiac-specific NHE1. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Keynote Speech text/html info:doi:10.61873/VQJH7890 https://doi.org/10.61873/VQJH7890 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34773/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34773/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/FKIQ6626 2024-05-05 rcpp

Applications of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation in nanomedicine (QCM-D): a personal experience Santos-Martinez,Maria QCM-D nanomedicine nanomaterials nanotoxicology blood platelets Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 33-34 Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, the potential application of nanomaterials in medicine is particularly attractive. Despite the many advantages that nanomaterials can offer as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, their transition from the bench to clinical practice is extremely challenging. One of the many barriers that nanomedicines may encounter is their toxicological effect. In fact, the development of novel nanomaterials / nanoparticles must proceed always in tandem with the assessment of any potential toxicological effects associated to them. Once nanomaterials reach the systemic circulation, they interact with endothelial cells, plasma proteins, and other blood components. There is no doubt that the study of nanomaterials-blood interactions is crucial to warrant the biocompatibility of nanomaterials developed for human use. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Keynote Speech text/html info:doi:10.61873/FKIQ6626 https://doi.org/10.61873/FKIQ6626 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34774/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34774/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/CNAY1739 2024-05-05 rcpp

Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles loaded with dimethyl fumarate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis Alhussein,Abdulazeez Basim A. Gaaz,Tayser Jaaz,Ahed multiple sclerosis dimethyl fumarate immunomodulatory fumaric acid solid lipid nanoparticles microphotograph Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 35-38 When nanotechnology is used in medicine, it makes it easier to find and treat a wide range of diseases. One of the oral options for treating multiple sclerosis (MS) is dimethyl fumarate (DMF). DMF has been shown to be effective in lowering inflammatory diseases; nevertheless, it is characterized by several undesirable side effects that reduce patient compliance and add financial obstacles. The aim of this study was to use platelet membranes and platelet nanoparticles to generate a drug delivery system that works like a cell, so as to treat MS. During the experiments, there is a chance that the DMF solution might harden at room temperature. Therefore, in order to produce solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), DMF was combined with biocompatible lipids. The creation of SLNs involved the use of hot emulsion and ultrasonication. These DMF-SLNs were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The herein demonstrated enhanced qualities of the devised SLNs suggest that the formulation may be a potential, longer-acting formulation for the improved management of MS. SLNs could change the way many illnesses are treated in a big way, if they are used for the delivery of medicines. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/CNAY1739 https://doi.org/10.61873/CNAY1739 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34775/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34775/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/SEXH5182 2024-05-05 rcpp

Assessment of antifungal drugs’ activity against some Candida albicans isolates in the presence or absence of human albumin: a study employing an in vitro pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics model Abdalwahd,Noor Al-Saigh,Rafal Al-Humadi,Hussam antifungal drugs Candida species in vitro model pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 39-42 Invasive candidiasis associated with the dissemination of endogenous Candida species is a fatal condition linked to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Progressive drug resistance necessitates the need for prompt and effective therapy. Therefore, choosing a specific and effective treatment is crucial. A two-compartment in vitro pharmacokinetics (PK) / pharmacodynamics (PD) model has been used for this purpose, and the PD behaviours of amphotericin B (AMB; at 2.5 and 5 mg/L), voriconazole (VOR; at 1.5 and 3 mg/L), and itraconazole (ITR; at 1.5 and 3 mg/L) were assessed against two Candida albicans isolates (a sensitive and resistant one; ATCC-90028 and ATCC-10231, respectively) with or without the addition of human albumin (2%). PK were simulated as time-concentration profiles, while the PD susceptibility of all drug doses has been assessed through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the relative optical density of fungal growth, and the exposure – effect relationship (fAUC 0–24 /MIC). A fungicidal activity without the presence of albumin was seen against both isolates of C. albicans at the highest dose of VOR, while the addition of albumin potentiated the efficacies of AMB and of VOR against both isolates, with no effect for ITR. Finally, human albumin exerted a variable and dose-dependent effect on the activities of some antifungal agents. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/SEXH5182 https://doi.org/10.61873/SEXH5182 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34776/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34776/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/ONPK3289 2024-05-05 rcpp

Assessment of the CO 2 water bath therapy effectiveness on diabetic foot ulcers through VEGF and TNF-α levels Abdulhamza,Ghazwan Mohammed,Najeeb diabetic foot ulcer carbon dioxide therapy vascular endothelial growth factor tumour necrosis factor-alpha Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 43-46 Vasculopathy is typically seen in diabetic patients, and can lead to foot ulcerations. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) therapy was found to improve chronic wound healing in patients with vascular impairment. This type of therapy refers to the transcutaneous and subcutaneous application of CO 2 as well as CO 2 water baths for therapeutic purposes. In the method used herein, artificial CO 2 -containing water for foot bathing was generated by dissolving Carbothera® (MRE-SPA-MD; Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering, Tokyo, Japan) and generating CO 2 (free CO 2 concentration: 1,000–1,200 mg/L; pH 4.6). The foot of each patient was immersed in CO 2 -enriched water (depth of 20–30 cm, 37–38°C, 30-min duration) three times per week, for the next three months. Dramatic clinical improvement was observed in the CO 2 water bath therapy group before and after the treatment, while both the blood levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor and of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha in these patients exhibited significant changes. The advantages of this method are the absence of pain and the protection against infection, while the improved angiogenesis and oxygenation can result in healing of the chronic wound. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/ONPK3289 https://doi.org/10.61873/ONPK3289 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34778/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34778/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/ANKG7670 2024-05-05 rcpp

Theoretical calculations and molecular design of novel dioxoisoindoline derivatives as anticonvulsant agents Ahmed,Rawaa Ezzat,Mohammed dioxoisoindoline derivatives anticonvulsant molecular docking DFT study ADME Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 47-50 Our study discusses the need for the development of alternative treatments for antiepileptic drugs. It proposes a theoretical chemical study using dioxoisoindoline derivatives and molecular docking in order to find potential alternative drugs. Three compounds (S1, S3, and S4) exhibited distinct activity against specific proteins related to epilepsy treatment. Our study also describes a DFT study that analysed the energy levels of the derivatives. Furthermore, we employed Lipinski’s rule and drug likeness predictions in order to assess the suitability of the derivatives as medicines. The results indicate that the molecular mass, log P, hydrogen bonding donors, and acceptors of the compounds fall within acceptable ranges. Overall, our study emphasizes the importance of finding new treatments for epilepsy, and presents a preliminary investigation into the potential of dioxoisoindoline derivatives. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/ANKG7670 https://doi.org/10.61873/ANKG7670 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34781/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34781/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/JYHN9753 2024-05-05 rcpp

Preparation and characterization of azelnidipine-loaded D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) / solutol micelles Allah,Ali Kathem Ala abd,shaimaa azelnidipine TPGS solutol HS15 micelles drug delivery Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 51-54 Azelnidipine is a calcium-channel antagonist classified as a “class 2” drug with high permeability and low aqueous solubility. It is used in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension without reflex tachycardia. Improvement of the solubility of azelnidipine and increasing drug’s bioavailability can be achieved through the drug encapsulation in solutol / D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) micelles. Six formulas were prepared by direct dissolution after using different amounts of solutol and TPGS. TPGS and solutol act as solubilizers, permeation enhancers, and P-glycoprotein inhibitors. The particle size, particle size distribution, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were determined. Depending on particle size and entrapment efficiency, formula #6 was selected and subjected to in vitro dilution stability and in vitro release studies. The results obtained showed that formula #6 was the best formula, with a high entrapment efficiency percentage equal to 86.5%±0.58% and a small particle size equal to 21.9±7.75 nm that did not change significantly after dilution up to 100-fold; a fact that reveals the high thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the optimum formula. The formula #6 release profile showed a controlled release of the drug from micelles when compared to plain drug release. Based on these results, polymeric nanomicelles are regarded as a promising delivery system for azelnidipine. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/JYHN9753 https://doi.org/10.61873/JYHN9753 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34782/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34782/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/XRSQ1725 2024-05-05 rcpp

Antibiotic resistance of Bacillus species isolated in foodstuff samples that were collected in Babylon (Iraq) Aladeli,Hutham Abdulilah Amer Althahab,Azhar Jabuk,Sura I. A. Bacillus spp. antibiotics sequencing foodstuff antibiotic resistance Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 55-58 A total of 164 food samples were collected from various supermarkets and farmers in various areas of Babylon, were placed in plastic containers, and were transported to the laboratory. The isolation of Bacillus species was performed by culture in blood agar, chromogenic agar, and the absence of growth on McConkey agar, by staining with Gram stain, and through molecular identification of the species’ 16SrRNA gene and sequencing. The antibiotic susceptibility test used eight types of antibiotics. The undertaken sequencing identified the Bacillus isolates to belong to the following species: B. subtilis (2), B. cereus (6), B. thuringiensis (1), B. anthracis (1), and B. spizizenii (1). The susceptibility test of the six B. cereus isolates revealed that 5 (83.3%), 4 (66.6%), 3 (50%), 2 (33.3%), 2 (33.3%), 2 (33.3%), 1 (16.6%), and 0 (0%) were resistant to rifampicin, clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin, while the respective resistance numbers for the two isolates of B. subtilis were 2 (100%), 2 (100%), 2 (100%), 0 (0%), 1 (50%), 0 (0%), 0 (0%), and 0 (0%). One isolate of B. thuringiensis presented resistance to erythromycin, erythromycin, trimethoprim, and rifampicin, while one isolate of B. anthracis was found to be resistant to gentamicin, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, and rifampicin. The B. spizizenii isolate was resistant to all antibiotics except gentamicin and trimethoprim. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/XRSQ1725 https://doi.org/10.61873/XRSQ1725 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34785/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34785/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/SUTM6297 2024-05-05 rcpp

Ceruloplasmin levels in β-thalassaemia major: therapeutic insights and implications for iron homeostasis Al-Hindy,Hayder Mousa,Mazin Joudah,Muthanna thalassaemia iron overload ferritin ceruloplasmin ferroxidase Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 59-62 Ceruloplasmin (CP) is an enzyme that has ferroxidase activity and is important in maintaining iron homeostasis and serving as a copper-transporter in the bloodstream. Beta-thalassemia major (BTM), a common hereditary disorder in Iraq, can affect CP activity in patients with iron overload resulting from frequent blood transfusions in order to sustain haemoglobin levels. The current study is a single-center observational research. CP activity was measured in 304 patients (120 females and 184 males). Anthropometric indices were recorded and the iron load status was determined by measuring serum ferritin. Ninety-two healthy individuals were also included as a control group. Our findings revealed no relationship between age, body mass index, or plasma ferritin and CP activity in BTM patients. No significant influence of sex on CP activity was observed. The outcomes provide insight into assumed pathways regulating CP, and add to the growing body of research on CP’s contribution to iron metabolism in BTM patients. To our knowledge, this work is the only study of its kind in Iraq, provides the groundwork for upcoming studies and potential therapeutic lines by generating insightful data on the multifaceted relationships between iron homeostasis, CP, and BTM. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/SUTM6297 https://doi.org/10.61873/SUTM6297 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34786/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34786/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/FMGQ9899 2024-05-05 rcpp

Comparative assessment of the effects of two intrauterine systems for long-term contraception on some haematological, biochemical, and immunological markers Al-Humadi,Farah Qassim,Hiba Hameed,Ali Al-Athari,Ali Jihad Hamid Umran,Bushra Al-Saigh,Rafal intrauterine system copper levonorgestrel vitamin D IL-6 IFN-γ Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 63-67 An intrauterine system (IUS) is a type of contraception tool that is used in order to control fertility and prevent conception in women for a long period. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of copper- versus levonorgestrel-releasing IUSs on women’s health. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of 75 women that were randomly selected (50 women that used a copper-releasing IUS and the remaining 25 that used a levonorgestrel-releasing IUS) amongst those attending out patient’s clinics at Hillah, Iraq, from March to July 2016. All women were between 18 to 46 years of age, and have had an IUS for at least three months. The measurement of serum ceruloplasmin (SCerP), haemoglobin, vitamin D (VD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels was undertaken. Our results revealed that the copper-releasing IUS group has low haemoglobin and VD levels, along with high levels of SCerP and proinflammatory cytokines. One the other hand, the levonorgestrel-releasing IUS group displayed no significant changes on the above markers. We can conclude that the levonorgestrel-releasing IUS is free of any adverse effect when compared to a copper-releasing IUS, at least with regard to the parameters examined by our study. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/FMGQ9899 https://doi.org/10.61873/FMGQ9899 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34788/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34788/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/XFAQ5379 2024-05-05 rcpp

Hepatotoxic effects of Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract and commercial stevia on rats: a comparative study Ali,Aamer Hussein,Noor Jawad,Dhafer Abed,Hayder Mekkey,Shereen Stevia rebaudiana steviol glycosides rat model liver enzymes hepatotoxicity Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 69-72 The popularity of stevia is high, especially among diabetics and those looking to reduce their calorie-intake. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a commercially-available stevia and of a Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract on the liver function and histology of rats. After preparing the Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract, 60 healthy adult male rats were randomly separated into three groups: untreated control, commercial stevia treatment (25 mg/kg), and Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract treatment (25 mg/kg). Our results show that after 60 days of treatment (oral administration), a significant elevation of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels was observed in the commercial stevia-treated group, suggesting potential effects on liver function. The Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract-treated group also exhibited increased ALT levels. Moreover, the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were found significantly increased in both of these treatment groups (when compared to the control group). Alkaline phosphatase levels were not found altered between groups. Histological-examinations, in spite of the elevated ALT and AST levels, exhibited no abnormalities in the liver. Although stevia is generally regarded as safe, this study underlines the importance of considering the type and form of stevia when evaluating its effects on liver health. Further study is warranted so as to elucidate the specific components and mechanisms responsible for the observed variations in liver enzymes, and to confirm the overall safety of stevia products. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/XFAQ5379 https://doi.org/10.61873/XFAQ5379 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34789/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34789/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/UUXZ2461 2024-05-05 rcpp

Molecular study of KRAS mutations in Iraqi patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer Aljaryan,Hajir Al-Shamari,Ataa Al-Ameedy,Taif Sa’Ady,Amal Talib Al Malik,Samir polymorphism KRAS gene gastrointestinal tract cancer protein folding mutation Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 73-76 Gastrointestinal cancers, including stomach, liver, oesophageal, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers, represent more than a quarter of all cancers. Many abnormal gene expressions and dysregulated signalling pathways have been found in human cancer. Cancer often has activating mutations of the KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus) oncogene. Fifty blood samples from gastrointestinal cancer patients were gathered from the Merjan Teaching Hospital in Babylon, Iraq, and were used for a case-control study in the Oncology Center. According to the results, the most common cancers were found in the colon (29%), followed by the liver (27%), pancreas (19%), stomach (13%), and other (12%). In this work, we evaluated the distribution of KRAS mutations across the gastrointestinal tract. Sequencing data revealed a significant regional difference in the frequency of KRAS mutations, while the alignment results revealed the presence of six variations in the analysed samples when compared with the referring reference DNA sequences. Six highly interesting nucleic acid polymorphisms were detected in the investigated samples. When combined with additional carcinogenic markers such as the patient sex, age, consistent molecular subtypes, and tumour stage, KRAS mutation is not the deterministic carcinogenic factor for gastrointestinal malignancies. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/UUXZ2461 https://doi.org/10.61873/UUXZ2461 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34790/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34790/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/DANB7861 2024-05-05 rcpp

Protective effects of esomeprazole, curcumin, chitosan, and curcumin-chitosan mixture on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in female rats Al-Kawaz,Jenan Mahdi Jawad Al-Harbi,Hussein Al-Zubaidy,Fakhir gastric ulcer esomeprazole curcumin chitosan rat Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 77-80 Gastric ulcer is the most common health concern due to alcohol consumption, smoking, and physiological stress. An ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in an animal model resembles the pathophysiology of the human ulcer. The present study attempted to detect the protective effects of esomeprazole, curcumin, chitosan, and a mixture of curcumin and chitosan on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in female rats. The present study included 60 rats with an average weight between 179.1 and 180.3 g, divided into two control groups and four treated groups (esomeprazole, curcumin, chitosan, and mixture), where each group included 10 rats. All groups were treated for 30 days. In order to induce a gastric ulcer, absolute ethanol (2 mL/rat) was given orally to all groups (except the negative control ones) after a period of fasting of 20 h. All animals were sacrificed 5 h later. The gastric ulceration was studied by comparing the volume and the pH of the gastric juice, the ulcer index as well as the protective index. Our results revealed a significant decrease ( P <0.05) in the values of the ulcer index and the volume of gastric juice in the esomeprazole-, curcumin-, chitosan-, and mixture-treated rats as compared to those of the positive control group. The value of the gastric juice pH exhibited a significant increase ( P <0.05) in these same groups. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/DANB7861 https://doi.org/10.61873/DANB7861 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34792/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34792/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/HNKR5864 2024-05-05 rcpp

Beneficial effect of Alhagi maurorum on rats submitted to sulfadimidine-induced kidney injury Alkhafaji,Nada Al-Harbi,Hussein Alhagi maurorum sulfadimidine kidney damage creatinine rat Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 81-84 Alhagi maurorum is one of the many plants that have proven effectiveness in folklore medicine and that are still utilized to treat disease or disorders, thanks to their phytochemical compounds and other secondary metabolites. Sulfadimidine, chemical known as 4-amino- N -(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)benzene-sulfonamide, is an antibacterial drug that has side-effects on organs such as the kidney. In this study, the unwanted acute effect of this sulfonamide and of its metabolites was recorded in the form of rat interstitial nephritis and as an increase in creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Results showed a significant ( P <0.05) decrease in BUN levels in rat groups treated with the ethanolic extract of Alhagi maurorum as a therapy, but there were no significant differences observed in terms of the creatinine levels in these groups. The undertaken histological study revealed an almost normal histological appearance of the kidneys in the two groups of rats that were treated with the plant extract as a therapy after the damage that occurred as a result of the drug injection (interstitial nephritis, infiltration lymphocytes, and mild tubular atrophy). Our study suggests a potential benefit from natural plants in the treatment of drug-related adverse effects. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/HNKR5864 https://doi.org/10.61873/HNKR5864 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34793/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34793/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/RYGM9424 2024-05-05 rcpp

Emergency department presentation and management of patients with acute decompensated heart failure at the Baghdad Teaching Hospital Al-Saigh,Rafal Al-Saigh,Ali Ahmed,Ihab Bash,Sally Hussein,Muataz Abdelrahman,Mohamed acute decompensated heart failure uncontrolled hypertension pulmonary oedema peripheral oedema fatigue Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 85-88 Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a leading cause of hospital admission and many factors are known to precipitate decompensation. We aimed to assess the decompensating factors of heart failure and the management of patients admitted to the emergency department (ED). A total of 107 patients were examined, all diagnosed with ADHF in the ED of the Baghdad Teaching Hospital, from June 2017 to December 2017, and presenting with decompensation (pulmonary oedema, peripheral oedema, and fatigue). The mean patient age was 62.5 ± 9.8 years (range: 43–85 years); the majority of them were in their 7th decade (37.4%), and men were slightly more than women. Hypertension was the most commonly associated comorbidity (68.2%), followed by diabetes mellitus (57.9%), coronary artery disease (51.4%), dyslipidaemia (37.4%), arrhythmia (28%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / asthma (23.4%). The most common presentation was pulmonary oedema (88.8%) followed by peripheral oedema (61.7%), and fatigue (26.2%). Uncontrolled hypertension was the most common precipitating condition for decompensation (58.9%), followed by infection (39.3%), acute coronary syndrome (31.8%), arrhythmia (27.1%), non-compliance (11.2%), and anaemia (2.8%). The majority of the admitted patients were managed with intravenously-administered (i.v.) diuretics (92.5%) that may have been combined with oxygen therapy (63.6%), antibiotics (58.9%), β-blockers (50.5%), nitroglycerin (40.2%), i.v. fluids (38.3%), and/or digoxin (19.6%). info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/RYGM9424 https://doi.org/10.61873/RYGM9424 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34794/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34794/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/IXYC6187 2024-05-05 rcpp

Evaluation of the active compound and antibacterial activity of a Salvia rosmarinus extract against pathogenic bacteria Al-Shalah,Lubna Abdul Muttalib Mohammed,Huda Omran,Alaa Althahab,Azhar Abd,Frial antibacterial activity herb extracts Salvia rosmarinus pathogenic bacteria FTRI technique Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 89-91 When bacteria attach to the human body, they have many defense mechanisms. These mechanisms pose a global health risk. Medicinal plants can be used to control such bacterial attack mechanisms. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial potential of an aqueous extract of Salvia rosmarinus and other plant extracts against some clinical bacterial isolates. The antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria ( S. aureus , E. coli , P. aeruginosa , Proteus spp., and Klebsiella spp.) was determined by using the agar well diffusion method. When compared to an alcoholic extract, the aqueous extract of Salvia rosmarinus inhibited the studied bacterial isolates with greater efficiency. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/IXYC6187 https://doi.org/10.61873/IXYC6187 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34795/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34795/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/TXET1445 2024-05-05 rcpp

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants Al-Taei,Alaa Hamady Obeid Saleh,Rasha Kadhum,Samah Omran,Aseel Ewadh,Ruqaya Munther Jalil Owadh,Hasanain Ammi visnaga Equisetum arvense Myrtus communis screening antimicrobial activity Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 93-96 The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Myrtus communis , Ammi visnaga , and Equisetum arvense was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Candida albicans by using the agar well diffusion method. Serial concentrations (15%, 30%, and 50%) of the extracts of each plant were tested and compared with gentamicin (10 μg) and fluconazole (25 μg). Most of the extract concentrations showed a relatively high antimicrobial activity against all the tested microbes, and the ethanolic extract was more effective than the aqueous extract. The activity of plant extracts increased with the increasing extract concentration of Myrtus communis , which appeared to possess a more antimicrobial activity than the other plants assessed; in fact, its ethanolic extract exhibited the highest inhibition zone against S. aureus (32 mm). The ethanolic plant extracts at a concentration of 50% displayed the maximum activity against the herein assessed isolates. Moreover, E. coli showed a higher sensitivity to most extracts, while the lowest effect being noticed on C. albicans . info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/TXET1445 https://doi.org/10.61873/TXET1445 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34796/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34796/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/JMOB1139 2024-05-05 rcpp

Cytotoxic effects of the Crassula ovata n-hexane fraction on human esophagus cancer KYSE-30 cells Al-Yassery,Hawraa khadim,Enas b-sitosterol Crassula ovata cytotoxicity esophagus cancer phytosterol Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 97-100 The current study shows the cytotoxicity effect of the Crassula ovata n-hexane extract on esophagus cancer. C. ovata is a perennial succulent plant belonging to the Crassulaceae family. In Africa, the leaves were used medicinally to cure epilepsy and diarrhoea by boiling them in milk. The hexane fraction, which is obtained through the maceration method, demonstrates the presence of many compounds that have an anticancer effect, which are obtained by gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy. The phytosterol compound was isolated by a preparative thin layer chromatograph and was identified by liquid chromatography – mass spectroscopy. The hexane fraction was found to possess a strong anticancer effect against esophagus cancer. The obtained data from the human esophagus cancer KYSE-30 cell-line were analysed by one-way ANOVA, with a significance level of p <0.05. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/JMOB1139 https://doi.org/10.61873/JMOB1139 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34798/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34798/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/IJZC4054 2024-05-05 rcpp

Isolation and characterization of a tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid from Crassula ovata Al-Yassery,Hawraa khadim,Enas protoberberine Crassula ovata alkaloid solvent extraction Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 101-104 The presence of alkaloids in Crassula ovata is a topic that is still unexplored, as there are no published studies on the matter. This study demonstrates the presence of an alkaloid compound (and its class) for the first time in Crassula ovata . The plant material was defatted with n-hexane, and a Soxhlet apparatus was used for the extraction process, while the acid-base method was used for the isolation of alkaloids from the chloroform fractions. The quaternary alkaloid was precipitated from the aqueous layer spontaneously, in high quantity. By using standard spectroscopic methods (including liquid chromatography – mass spectroscopy) we were able to clarify the structure of the precipitated compound as a tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid based on the general fragmentation pattern of this class of alkaloids and the retro-Diels-Alder reaction; a characteristic fragmentation pathway of tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/IJZC4054 https://doi.org/10.61873/IJZC4054 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34801/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34801/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/SVRL5228 2024-05-05 rcpp

Protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination against a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the Babil Province Alzubaidi,Fatima Oubaid,Enass Shubber,Zahraa I. J. Al-Humadi,Hussam Al-Saigh,Rafal COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 fully vaccinated reinfection case-control study Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 105-108 Reinfection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been documented all over the world. Currently, limited evidence exists concerning the protection afforded by the COVID-19 vaccination against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. This case-control study was performed in order to assess the association between COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the Babil Province; the study used an electronic questionnaire. The infected patients were 115 (aged ≥18 years) and were confirmed by a positive PCR and/or a CT scan, they were either fully vaccinated or not with a second dose of a (Pfizer, AstraZeneca, or Sinopharm) vaccine before the reinfection date, and they were compared with 300 control participants. The study’s findings revealed that the unvaccinated individuals had 4.5 times the odds of reinfection compared to those who were fully vaccinated, without preference for the manufacturer of the vaccine. The conclusion suggests that getting fully vaccinated against COVID-19 can significantly reduce the likelihood of reinfection, can enhance overall protection, and can minimize the risk of future infections. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/SVRL5228 https://doi.org/10.61873/SVRL5228 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34802/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34802/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/AFGH8682 2024-05-05 rcpp

Theoretical calculations and molecular modelling of isoindoline compounds as anticonvulsant agents Chalawi,Raniah Ezzat,Mohammed isoindoline derivatives anticonvulsant molecular docking DFT study ADME Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 109-112 The lack of safe and effective antiepileptic drugs is a persistent issue that could be addressed through the repurposing or further development of commonly available drugs. Due to high accuracy, low effort, and high cost, it is best to begin the search for alternative treatments with a theoretical chemical study. Isoindoline derivatives, their ΔG, and their molecular docking were subjected to the molecular level theory. Having a ΔG of -4.9, compound A1 demonstrated a unique activity against protein 1OHV (4-aminobutyrate-aminotransferase; from pig), while the same compound demonstrated distinct activity against protein 3F8E (coumarins as suicide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) with a ΔG of -4.533. Moreover, compound A3 exhibited a unique activity against protein 6KZP (calcium channel-ligand) with a ΔG of -7.597. The undertaken DFT analysis determined the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the least unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and the HOMO-LUMO gap values for the studied derivatives (compound A1: -0.202, -0.091, and -0.111 eV; compound A3: -0.228, -0.102, and -0.126 eV, respectively). The ionization potential, the softness, the hardness, and other chemical properties of these compounds were subsequently computed. Drug likeness predictions were employed in order to show that the compounds adhered to Lipinski’s rule. Our results indicate that the molecular mass, log P, as well as the hydrogen bonding donors and acceptors of the herein assessed isoindoline compounds fall within acceptable ranges. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/AFGH8682 https://doi.org/10.61873/AFGH8682 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34803/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34803/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/FWIT2515 2024-05-05 rcpp

Metronidazole-loaded zinc oxide / graphene nanoparticles: synthesis, analysis, drug delivery, and antibacterial efficiency Hammadi,Asmaa Habeeb,Saba Al-Jibouri,Lena Malik,Samir Bdear,Fatema Samer Al Adnan,Amal ZnO graphene nanoparticles instrumental analysis drug delivery Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 113-116 In our study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by precipitation (economically and in high quality) at a temperature range of 60°C to 80°C and at pH 8, and were then adorned with graphene (G) plates. To determine its antimicrobial potential, the ZnO/G complex was loaded with metronidazole. The morphology and diameter of the ZnO nanocomposite before and after the loading were validated by scanning electron microscopy. The average size of the ZnO NPs was found to be 20–40 nm, while X-ray diffraction examined how the physical features of these NPs varied from those of its individual components with an average size of 28.1 nm. The assessment of the ZnO/G complex’s antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was the main aim of our work. The agar well diffusion technique was used in order to assess the antibacterial activity of the ZnO/G complex with and without metronidazole. Our study demonstrates that the ZnO/G complex possesses antibacterial activity and might increase the antibiotic action by inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria (more than Gram-negative ones). It is, therefore, concluded that the ZnO/G NPs could be of use in formulating nano-drug conjugates that could act as antimicrobial agents. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/FWIT2515 https://doi.org/10.61873/FWIT2515 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34804/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34804/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/UAUF7136 2024-05-05 rcpp

In vitro study of the antibacterial effects of the Cydonia oblonga extract Hindi,Nada Khazal Kadhim Hadi,Baraa Al-Shalah,Lubna Abdul Muttalib Abbas,Ahmed Cydonia oblonga antibacterial biofilm formation adherence inhibition in vitro Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 117-119 Cydonia oblonga is effective against many infections and has medicinal properties that are useful in the treatment of many other diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the antimicrobial activity (in the form of anti-adherence and anti-biofilm formation) of the aqueous Cydonia oblonga extract. The biological activity of the extract was compared to that of imipenem. All bacterial isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria assessed were found to be susceptible to the Cydonia oblonga extract and the zone of inhibition ranged from 24 to 34 mm. Most bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotic, and some bacterial isolates were sensitive to imipenem. The adherence and biofilm formation inhibitory activities in the presence of the aqueous extract of Cydonia oblonga were found to be moderate or elevated in most of the Gram-negative bacteria assessed. According to our findings, the aqueous Cydonia oblonga extract displays great effectiveness (and promise) against many pathogenic bacterial isolates. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/UAUF7136 https://doi.org/10.61873/UAUF7136 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34806/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34806/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/SLSI4403 2024-05-05 rcpp

Misuse of antibiotics in Iraq: Babylon Governorate as a model Hussein,Falah Hassan,Halla misuse antibiotics pharmacies public health Babylon Governorate Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 121-123 The efficacy and easy access to antibiotics have led to their overuse, which allows for the development of resistance to them. This study took Babylon Governorate as a model to prove whether the above hypothesis is true or not. We aimed at exploring whether there are any restrictions for dealing with antibiotics by pharmacists in the Babylon Governorate, at identifying the distribution of pharmacies in Hillah, and at estimating the capability of the health authority to control them. A total of 165 pharmacies were visited in an attempt to purchase antibiotics without a prescription. Antibiotics were obtained from 164 pharmacies, and one pharmacy apologized because they did not have the antibiotic. Moreover, a survey was randomly distributed to different pharmacies and pharmacists asking them whether they sell antibiotics without prescriptions, and an online questionnaire was distributed to pharmacists and pharmacy students in the Babylon Governorate. The results revealed that the percentage of pharmacies that sell antibiotics without medical prescription is 98%; the remaining 2% belongs to the pharmacies that do not stock these antibiotics. We hypothesize that the main reason for this phenomenon is the chaotic distribution of pharmacies in the Governorate, and the lack of supervision by the authorities. Mapping has revealed a random distribution of pharmacies in Hillah, which is performed in an unscientific manner without taking into account whether these areas need pharmacies or not. Moreover, the lack of supervision by the Government and the health syndicates allows for antibiotics to be largely dispensed in the pharmacies without a medical prescription. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/SLSI4403 https://doi.org/10.61873/SLSI4403 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34807/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34807/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/GSPT1121 2024-05-05 rcpp

Susceptibility to antibiotics and virulence profiling of Proteus mirabilis among foodstuff Jabuk,Sura I. A. Al-Maamori,Anmar M. K. Hussian,Raflaa S. H. Al-Taee,Zahraa Proteus mirabilis canned foods milk virulence factors antibiotic susceptibility Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 125-127 Proteus mirabilis is a genus of bacteria that can cause foodborne diseases. We collected 100 canned food samples from local supermarkets in Hillah (Iraq), including juice (23%), milk products (22%), beef (20%), fish (14%), milk (12%), and tomato paste (9%) samples. We subsequently characterized some virulence factors of P. mirabilis found in these foodstuff, including biofilm formation, protease activity, motility, haemolysis, adhesion, urease production, lipase production, and antibiotic susceptibility. In a total of 32 foodstuff samples of positive culture, P. mirabilis was isolated in 15 (46.8%), including 3 juice samples, 4 milk product samples, 2 beef samples, 1 fish sample, 3 milk samples, and 2 tomato paste samples. All isolates exhibited swarming motility (100%) and urease production (100%), while none of the isolates was found to produce haemolysin. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility test revealed a higher resistance against ampicillin (86.6%). info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/GSPT1121 https://doi.org/10.61873/GSPT1121 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34812/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34812/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/ILCP1133 2024-05-05 rcpp

The impact of human albumin on the activity of some anti-staphylococcal agents in an in vitro pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics model Jihad,Safa Al-Saigh,Rafal Al-Humadi,Hussam anti-staphylococcal drugs mixed staphylococcal infection in vitro model pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 129-132 The emergence of anti-staphylococcal drug resistance has significantly increased, thereby making it difficult to control the life-threatening staphylococcal infections. A validated two-compartment in vitro pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) model has been used in order to estimate the efficacies of some anti-staphylococcal drugs – namely, vancomycin (maximum concentration or C max of 3 and 5 mg/L), teicoplanin (C max of 5 and 10 mg/L), and minocycline (C max of 2 and 4 mg/L) – against a mixed staphylococcal infection ( S. aureus ATCC 25923 and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228), with or without human albumin (2%). The PK profile for each drug was simulated as time-concentration depending on the drug’s half-life. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the relative optical density for bacterial growth, and the exposure / effect relationship (fAUC 0-24 /MIC) have also been assessed in this study. Our results revealed that minocycline has the best efficacy over other antibiotics against the assessed isolates (single or mixed). Moreover, the addition of albumin exhibited a negative effect on vancomycin and a positive effect on teicoplanin in both the single and the mixed infections. In conclusion, albumin drew a different antibiotic scenario in response to different pathogens. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/ILCP1133 https://doi.org/10.61873/ILCP1133 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34813/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34813/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/ORXR1322 2024-05-05 rcpp

Drug synthesis, separation, and identification of a di-stereoisomeric mixture of spiro-oxalidinonic derivatives of sorbinil by high-performance liquid chromatography Khalfa,Esaim Fadhel Abdullah,Rawaa Al-Daami,Qasim Bash,Aymen Al-Qaysi,Saba Abdulmunem Habeeb Mohammed,Ghassan Mozzan,Widad Abd Al-Jabbar di-stereoisomeric mixture HPLC sorbinil synthesis drug Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 133-136 A straightforward and sensitive method for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was created in order to separate and identify the di-stereoisomeric mixture of a spiro-oxalidinonic derivative of sorbinil. HPLC was carried out using a C18 reversed-phase column. The mobile phase used in the isocratic elution process was a 70:30 v/v combination of methanol and acetonitrile flowed at a rate of 2 mL/min. The procedure delivered the best result among the various attempts made. Two peaks were identified on the chromatogram, attributable to the two di-stereoisomers of the mixture analysed. Analogues of sorbinil, a powerful inhibitor of aldose reductase, have been synthesized and further tested on aldose reductase as mixtures of di-stereoisomers, exhibiting an IC 50 in the order of the micromolar. The structure of the compounds was checked with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The chemical shifts were expressed in ppm scale δ. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/ORXR1322 https://doi.org/10.61873/ORXR1322 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34814/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34814/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/FMPT5825 2024-05-05 rcpp

Antibacterial activity of the alcoholic extract of berberine against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from burn and wound infections Khdhair,Ola Jassim,Yazi Alkremy,Noor Abed Alreda Al-Ameedy,Taif Staphylococcus aureus burns wounds berberine infection Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 137-139 Burns and wounds destroy the physical skin which is the body’s natural barrier to the external environment. As a result the burned area is prone to infection and colonization by microorganisms. The most common pathogenic colonizing bacterium is Staphylococcus aureus . In order to solve the problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, some medicinal plants have been used so as to determine their effectiveness against S. aureus . Among these plants, we have herein used the alcoholic extract of berberine. Our results suggest that the alcoholic extract of berberine, at a concentration 250 mg/mL, can exert a high inhibitory efficacy against S. aureus . info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/FMPT5825 https://doi.org/10.61873/FMPT5825 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34815/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34815/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/KMKM8961 2024-05-05 rcpp

Real-world data on the effectiveness of the meloxicam and pridinol combination for musculoskeletal pain Mahtook,Marwan Saadi,Maiss Alhameedawi,Saifan Aubid Al-Ntrwe,Nur Alsaraf,Khulood muscle cramps spasm meloxicam pridinol combination therapy Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 141-144 Musculoskeletal pain includes several types of discomfort associated with the skeletal system. Pharmaceutically, pridinol was developed in order to relax muscles. No empirical data exist to support the effectiveness of using meloxicam in combination therapy for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. This study compared pridinol and meloxicam for musculoskeletal pain. The current observational study assessed a total of 82 patients. The study’s participants were divided into three groups: the “meloxicam” group, the “pridinol” group, and the “meloxicam + pridinol” group. Pain levels were measured before and four weeks after giving the drug, by using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). We employed a Kruskal-Wallis test in order to evaluate the variations in pain measurement among the groups. The three groups’ VAS and WOMAC scores did not differ before the drug administration. The “meloxicam + pridinol” treatment resulted in significant pain relief based on VAS and WOMAC scores at 1, 2, and 4 weeks (as compared to other groups; p <0.05). At 4 weeks, the VAS and WOMAC ratings exhibited no significant pain relief in the “meloxicam” group when compared to the “pridinol” group. The meloxicam-pridinol combination proved efficacious for musculoskeletal pain, and is recommended for its therapy. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/KMKM8961 https://doi.org/10.61873/KMKM8961 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34817/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34817/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/HHPT2430 2024-05-05 rcpp

Evaluation of serum cystatin C levels in multiple myeloma: diagnostic significance and clinical implications Mousa,Mazin Al-Hindy,Hayder Al-Mumin,Amir multiple myeloma LDH β 2 -microglobulin staging cystatin C Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 145-148 Cystatin C (CysC) levels in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) have been linked to tumour load and outcomes’ prediction. This study aimed at assessing the diagnostic utility of CysC in distinguishing MM patients from controls and advanced stages of MM. In total, 98 MM patients and 57 healthy controls participated in this cross-sectional case-control study. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data were assessed. The study groups exhibited significantly diverse measures of urea, creatinine, CysC, β 2 -microglobulin, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. β 2 -Microglobulin was found to be a reliable predictor for both the MM staging and its diagnosis, but CysC was found to only possess a partial capacity of predicting advanced MM stages. Our results highlight the significance of taking into account many biomarkers in the therapy of MM, so as to achieve effective clinical evaluation. More research is required in order to clarify the CysC implication in the prognosis and management of MM. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/HHPT2430 https://doi.org/10.61873/HHPT2430 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34818/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34818/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/TVTQ4413 2024-05-05 rcpp

Comparative evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters between a pure nisoldipine suspension and a nisoldipine-loaded bilosome suspension Naji,Ghada Al-Gawhari,Fatima bilosomes nisoldipine pharmacokinetics animal study bioavailability Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 149-152 Bilosomes are nanocarriers that contain bile salts in their vesicular bilayer, thereby enhancing their flexibility and durability in the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike conventional vesicular systems they provide distinct advantages such as streamlined manufacturing procedures, cost efficiency, and improved stability. The main objective of this study was to attain a comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters of nisoldipine (NSD) after administering an ordinary NSD suspension and an NSD-loaded bilosome suspension. The study used 60 Swiss albino rats weighing 200±15 g and divided into two groups (n=30 each). A dose of 2.2 mg/kg of NSD was administered from the ordinary NSD suspension to the rats of the first group and the same dose of NSD-loaded bilosome suspension was administered to the rats of the second group. NSD levels were determined in the rat plasma by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Our results showed that the C max , the T max , and the AUC 0-36 were 51.47±0.94 ng/mL, 2±0.3 h, and 323.33±21 ng×h/mL for the pure suspension, and 116.41±1.22 ng/mL, 4±0.7 h, and 916±64.09 ng×h/mL for the bilosome suspension, respectively. The maximum concentration was significantly different between the pure and the bilosomal preparation ( P <0.05), while the relative bioavailability of the pure suspension was 2.9 times that of the bilosomal suspension, 36 h after a single-dose NSD administration. In conclusion, the prepared bilosomal suspension enhanced the bioavailability of NSD, and could be considered as a vital delivery system. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/TVTQ4413 https://doi.org/10.61873/TVTQ4413 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34820/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34820/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/IVJV6786 2024-05-05 rcpp

Immunomodulatory effects of Stevia rebaudiana leaves and commercial stevia on rats: a comparative study Nayif,Eman Abass,Hashim Al-Mahdawi,Muthanna Abdlkhader Salh Abd,Frial cytokine extraction immunoglobulin A interleukin-1 beta stevia Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 153-156 Stevia is herbal native to South-America that is renowned for its natural sweet leaves containing stevia glycosides. Our study aimed at examining and comparing the immunomodulatory effects of the Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract and of commercially-available stevia products in rats. Our experiment involved the preparation of Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract and the use of market-available stevia obtained from the local-market. Stevia rebaudiana leaf extraction was meticulously performed, and 60 healthy adult male rats were randomly separated into three groups: untreated control, commercial stevia treatment (25 mg/kg), and Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract treatment (25 mg/kg). The rats were orally administered the treatments for 60 days, after which blood samples were collected for analysis. Our results revealed a significant rise in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels in rats treated with the Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract and the commercially-available stevia when compared to the control group. Additionally, immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels exhibited a notable increase in both stevia-treated groups, with the Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract-receiving group showing higher IgA levels than the commercially-available stevia-treated one. Our findings suggest that stevia may influence the immune response, particularly the regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and the IgA levels. This study contributes valuable insights into stevia’s effects on the immune system. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/IVJV6786 https://doi.org/10.61873/IVJV6786 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34822/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34822/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/KZWS3688 2024-05-05 rcpp

Novel anticancer mechanisms of JinYingZi-derived oleanolic acid against renal cell carcinoma: an in silico analysis Obaidi,Ismael Alzubaidi,Fatimah Bash,Aymen Fadheel,Qayssar Al-Humadi,Hussam Liu,Junying renal cell carcinoma JinYingZi oleanolic acid network pharmacology molecular docking Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 157-160 Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, accounting for 90% of all estimated cases. Advanced RCC often carries poor prognosis due to its high metastases rate, the lack of early-warning signs, as well as its complex clinical manifestations and its resistance to chemotherapy. Ethnopharmacologically, Fructus Rosae laevigata (JinYingZi) has been employed by Chinese medicine to treat various urinary tract and gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed at performing a series of mechanistic analyses in order to unlock the anticancer potential of JinYingZi-derived bioactive components against RCC. Several network pharmacology tools were employed so as to analyse the drug-disease interactions. Our data revealed that more than 2,214 genes were dysregulated in RCC, whereas the JinYingZi-derived bioactive compounds modulated 347 genes. The intersecting between RCC and the bioactive compounds revealed 132 cross targets. Our results were further validated by conducting molecular docking, which revealed a stable association between oleanolic acid with each of the following targets: androgen receptor ( AR ), dipeptidyl peptidase ( DPP ), estradiol ( ESR1 ), nitric oxide synthase 2 ( NOS2 ), and cyclooxygenase-2 ( PTGS2 ). Our approach is being used successfully in order to evaluate a panel of novel medicinal plant-derived bioactive compounds, and may lead to the identification of safe and effective chemical scaffolds that could act as templates for drug discovery or yield potential drug candidates. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/KZWS3688 https://doi.org/10.61873/KZWS3688 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34823/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34823/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/GETK6172 2024-05-05 rcpp

Study of some immunological indicators for COVID-19 patients in Babylon city Obed,Ameer Hamza,Thulfeqar Sa’Ady,Amal Talib Al COVID-19 immunological indicators Iraq blood cells cytokines Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 161-164 COVID-19 has been a global challenge caused by a coronavirus that infects the respiratory system and poses a high risk to life. This study dealt with some immunological indicators associated with this disease. A total of 150 samples was collected from COVID-19 patients (120 samples) and non-infected individuals (30 samples; control group) who were admitted to the Marjan Medical City Hospital in Al-Hilla, Babylon, Iraq for the period from March 1 to August 30, 2022. Of these participants, 65% were men and 35% were women, with ages ranging from 16 to 75 years. The samples were collected under the supervision of specialized doctors, according to the approved by the Iraqi Ministry of Health protocols. The parameters examined in this study included the complete blood count, the red blood cell (RBC) count, the packed cell volume, the haemoglobin levels, the platelet count, the white blood cell (WBC) count, and the levels of immunological indicators such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-17 (IL-17), the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), the C-reactive protein (CRP), and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Our results indicate a clear increase in the WBC count, the IL-1β levels, IL-17 levels, the TNF-α levels, the CRP levels, the ESR, and the RBC count, as well as a clear decrease in the lymphocyte count, as a result of COVID-19. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/GETK6172 https://doi.org/10.61873/GETK6172 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34824/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34824/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/CGWA5841 2024-05-05 rcpp

Chemical analysis and antibacterial activity of the Achillea millefolium extract Sabbar,Walaa Mouhamad,Raghad Murad,Ibrahim Al-Abodi,Entisar yarrow gas chromatography – mass analysis camphor Artemisia ketone 1 8-cineole Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 165-168 Achillea millefolium L., a traditional medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family, is known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, and anti-cancer properties, attributed to its rich content of phytochemicals (such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and phenolic acids). This study has focused on the chemical analysis of the oil extracted from the aerial parts of Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium , cultivated and harvested in Kurdistan, Iraq. The oil was extracted by using a Clevenger apparatus for hydro-distillation and was analysed by using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and an HP-5 MS capillary column. The analysis revealed the presence of 1,8-cineole (eucalyptus oil), Artemisia ketone, camphor, linalyl acetate, and D-limonene, with Artemisia ketone having the highest concentration at 15.04% and D-limonene the lowest at 7.51%. The extract of Achillea millefolium has been shown to aid in the treatment of oral mucositis (a common side effect of anticancer chemotherapy), likely due to the flavonoids and tannins present in the plant. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/CGWA5841 https://doi.org/10.61873/CGWA5841 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34830/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34830/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/LVGT1509 2024-05-05 rcpp

Management of pharmaceutical waste in the Babylon Governorate Salim,Israa Fadhil,Zainab Hussein,Falah waste management pharmaceutical waste disposal public health pharmacist Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 169-172 Globally, a massive amount of expired or leftover medications accumulates each year because of pharmaceutical overprescription, combined with overproduction. This pharmaceutical waste poses environmental, economic, and social/ethical challenges. The objective of this study is to understand societal behavior regarding the disposal of medications in the Babylon Governorate and develop a prototype of a knowledge-based system that promotes proper disposal of pharmaceutical waste. A two-phase cross-sectional study was carried out. The first phase involved interviewing pharmacists, while the second phase targeted the general population. A visit to Aljiumhori Hospital was made in order to assess the pharmaceutical waste disposal methods. The study found that most pharmacists (70%) and people (59.2%) prefer throwing expired medicine in the trash can. Moreover, 64.4% of the people participating in our study believe that placing unused drugs in special containers in each region is the best disposal method. Additionally, 48.2% of households are unaware of the environmental and health consequences of this waste. Pharmaceutical waste disposal in the Babylon Governorate is poorly managed. The absence of processes separating medical waste from general waste and the use of sanitary landfills as the sole method of disposal can pose serious environmental and public health risks. One can only address this issue with proper waste management, staff training, and protocol adherence. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/LVGT1509 https://doi.org/10.61873/LVGT1509 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34831/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34831/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/JLRE4978 2024-05-05 rcpp

Impact of residence on the association between benzo[ a ]pyrene-DNA adduct levels and CYP1B1 gene polymorphisms in breast cancer patients Al-Jailawi,Ali Hussein Shakir Al-Hindy,Hayder Hashim,Hayder CYP1B1 gene polymorphisms breast cancer benzo[ a ]pyrene-DNA adduct concentrations genetic susceptibility residence Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 173-176 Globally, breast cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related death, and rising incidence rates are anticipated. Improving illness prevention and treatment strategies requires a better understanding of the interactions occurring between genetic variables, environmental exposures, and disease pathogenesis. This study investigated the impact of residence on the association between benzo[ a ]pyrene-DNA adduct levels and CYP1B1 gene polymorphisms in breast cancer patients. In brief, 58 female breast cancer patients in Babylon, Iraq were recruited as subjects of this cross-sectional study. We gathered clinical information (including residency, age, age at diagnosis, and haematological markers), and by using molecular and biochemical methods, the CYP1B1 polymorphisms and the benzo[ a ]pyrene-DNA adduct levels were assessed. Among the different types of breast cancer, there was no apparent association between the residence and CYP1B1 polymorphisms. However, the amounts of benzo[ a ]pyrene-DNA adduct varied according to where a patient lived, with urban residents showing higher concentrations than rural residents. Benzo[ a ]pyrene-DNA adduct levels were shown to be correlated with specific polymorphisms in the CYP1B1 gene. Our study highlights the intricate connections between environmental exposures, genetic variables, and place of residency in the aetiology of breast cancer. Variations in quantities of benzo[ a ]pyrene-DNA adducts imply possible functions for environmental carcinogens, although no substantial correlation was found between genetic polymorphisms and the place of residence. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/JLRE4978 https://doi.org/10.61873/JLRE4978 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34832/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34832/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/RQJC3524 2024-05-05 rcpp

Cytotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from Hirudo medicinalis saliva on HepG2 cells Witwit,Luma MTT assay LSE-AgNPs Hirudo medicinalis HepG2 cells Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 177-179 Primary hepatocellular carcinoma is a devastating type of liver cancer. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been assessed for a variety of purposes, including being tested as an anticancer agent. The aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of AgNPs that were biosynthesized from leech saliva on HepG2 cells, through the undertaking of a simple MTT assay. HepG2 cells were obtained from the cell bank of the Pasteur Institute of Iran. In this study, AgNP-treated HepG2 cells were cultured at a density of 10 4 cells per well, and 100 μL of MTT at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL were added to each well; the treated cells were then let to incubate for 4 h. Subsequently, a plate reader device operating at a wavelength of 570 nm was used in order to determine the concentration of the chemical dissolved in isopropanol. Representative images of the cells show remarkable changes in their morphology at AgNP concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/mL. At 48 h, the nanoparticle’s IC 50 value was 50 μg/mL. Our study shows that leech salivary extract-derived AgNPs are cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/RQJC3524 https://doi.org/10.61873/RQJC3524 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34833/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34833/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/DTFA3974 2024-05-05 rcpp

Network pharmacology and molecular docking reveal the mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng against post-COVID-19 thromboembolism Yuan,Shouli Obaidi,Ismael Zhang,Tao Pigott,Maria Jiang,Shibo Sheridan,Helen Liu,Junying Panax notoginseng SARS-CoV-2 post-acute COVID-19 thromboembolism network pharmacology Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 181-184 Panax notoginseng (PNGS) is a potent folk therapy for blood-related diseases. However, further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms of its pharmacological activities and to explore its therapeutic potential for treating thromboembolism (TE) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed at analysing the molecular mechanisms of PNGS and at clarifying their potential role in treating TE induced by COVID-19, by employing network pharmacology and molecular docking. To this end, a network pharmacological approach was combined with expression profiling by high-throughput sequencing of GSE156701 so as to elucidate the compound constituents of PNGS for treating TE caused by SARS-CoV-2 at a systemic level. Protein-protein interaction network, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were employed in order to decipher the associated drug-target interactions. The integration of these results suggested that five targets, including the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the coagulation factor III (F3), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), the mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), and the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (SERPINE1), represent major genes involved in thromboembolism. The data suggest that PNGS exerts collective therapeutic effects against TE caused by SARS-CoV-2, and provides a theoretical basis for further laboratory study of the active drug-like ingredients and the potential mechanisms of PNGS in TE treatment. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/DTFA3974 https://doi.org/10.61873/DTFA3974 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34844/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34844/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/BAOW5445 2024-05-05 rcpp

Regulatory B-cells: immunomodulating mechanisms and important cellular targets underlining immunotherapy by immunoregulation Al-Kaabi,Zaman I. L. immunosuppressive mechanisms regulatory B-cells IL-10 TGF-β PD-L1 Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 185-188 Regulatory B-cells (Breg cells) represent as an important modulator of the immune system and their role is unique in autoimmunity, infection, tolerance to transplants, allergy, and cancer. Several regulatory mechanisms exist by which Breg cells can control the function of other immune cells through two main pathways: the secretion of soluble molecules and the use of cell surface-expressed molecules. Anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 acts as the hallmark of Breg cell function; other cytokines with a similar role include the transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-35. Breg B cells also release the cytotoxic granzyme B that mediates cell apoptosis. Cell surface-expressed proteins include FasL, CD80, CD86, CD73, CD1d, and PD-L1. The present article reviews the immunosuppressive pathways in order to understand how they emerge and are induced to evoke their regulatory activities, and how we can benefit from them in the field of immunotherapy. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/BAOW5445 https://doi.org/10.61873/BAOW5445 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34845/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34845/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/HYIS8690 2024-05-05 rcpp

Characterization of promising smart nanopolymers that release drugs in response to illness-related signals: a review Aysa,Noor Al-Jibouri,Lena Almuttairi,Rafah smart nanopolymers drug release personalized medicine drug delivery systems innovation Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 189-192 Smart nanopolymers with the capability to release drugs on demand and in response to specific illness signals, represent a promising avenue in the field of drug delivery. Their synthesis and characterization process involves the careful design of nanopolymeric structures, incorporating stimuli-responsive elements. The responsiveness of these nanopolymers to specific illness signals is evaluated through in vitro studies that simulate physiological conditions. The potential of these nanopolymers is explored in the context of personalized medicine, where tailored drug delivery systems respond to individual patient needs. The characterization of these smart nanopolymers showcases their potential as a novel and effective approach for on-demand drug release in response to illness signals. The findings contribute to the advancement of precision medicine and the development of innovative drug delivery systems with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced side-effects. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/HYIS8690 https://doi.org/10.61873/HYIS8690 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34847/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34847/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/FGXZ4557 2024-05-05 rcpp

Novel in silico nano-drug design and delivery systems employing the density functional theory: a review Aysa,Noor Aziz,Safa Al-Assaly,Rafal nanoinformatics in silico density functional theory bioinformatics nano-drugs Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(s2): 193-196 Nanoinformatics is a next-generation method for designing and simulating nanodrug candidates. It involves combining bioinformatics and quantum tools to predict and evaluate drugs. This approach addresses scientific problems in cheminformatics, configuration optimization, drug development, and administration. The integration of bioinformatics and quantum tools is crucial for the understanding of these advancements. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/FGXZ4557 https://doi.org/10.61873/FGXZ4557 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34848/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34848/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/XVQY6568 2024-05-21 rcpp

Gynecomastia treatment with tamoxifen or tamoxifen followed by letrozole: prototype clinical study Zervoudis,Stefanos Iatrakis,George Tsikouras,Panagiotis Peitsidis,Panagiotis Sarella,Angeliki Ampatzis,Christos gynecomastia tamoxifen aromatase inhibitors letrozole Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 99-106 Gynecomastia is very common cause of a patient’s visit to a mastology office. Gynecomastia is experienced in up to 70% of mid-puberty males and in up to 65% of middle-aged men. The treatment starts with the identification of the cause, but in most cases the patient is treated with tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, liposuction or surgery. Τreatment of gynecomastia is not well standarized. In our prospective study, we examined the use of tamoxifen followed by letrozole and a clinically important reduction was achieved, when compared with those who were treated only with tamoxifen. Further research needs to be conducted in order to confirm this promising protocol. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Clinical Study text/html info:doi:10.61873/XVQY6568 https://doi.org/10.61873/XVQY6568 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34849/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34849/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/CLHK4273 2024-06-19 rcpp

Depression and emotional distress related to diabetes (type 1 and type 2) Argyriadis,Alexandros Kleanthous,Efrosini Vlachou,Chrisi Patelarou,Athina Patelarou,Evridiki Argyriadi,Agathi depression emotional distress diabetes mental health quality of life Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 107-112 Introduction: Research on depression and emotional distress related to diabetes is limited, despite significant research activity in this area being evident from recent literature. However, it is crucial, as indicated by recent findings, to examine this correlation, which may be linked to the improvement of the quality of life of patients with diabetes. Aim: The aim of this study was the analysis of depression and emotional distress related to diabetes. More specifically, it sought to delve deeply into the psychological aspects accompanying the management and experience of diabetes, shedding light on the potential emotional burdens and distress that individuals with this condition may face. Materials and Methods: This review utilized existing literature and scholarly databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed, as well as empirical studies concerning mental health. The study was conducted in Greece from September 2023 to February 2024. Results: Despite their similarities, depression and emotional distress related to diabetes are distinct conditions for mental health and require different evaluation and management strategies. Diabetes-related distress encompasses emotional experiences that overlap with several recognized mental health conditions, such as depression. Conclusions: In contrast to depression, diabetes-related emotional distress is not a psychopathological condition. It is an expected response to the diagnosis and management of diabetes, while depression refers to how people feel about their lives in general. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/CLHK4273 https://doi.org/10.61873/CLHK4273 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34851/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34851/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/XSMT1055 2024-06-19 rcpp

Evaluation of preparedness and response competency of healthcare administrative staff of the public hospitals during the Covid-19 pandemic and its impact on the resilience of health system in Greece Stamati,Pinelopi Anagnosti,Frosyna Bilali,Anna Gatanas,Kiriaki Anagnostaki,Argyro Dourakis,Aleksandros Douraki,Evanthia Riza,Eleni Pikoulis,Emmanouil preparedness response resilience competencies Covid-19 Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 113-123 Introduction: The role of health systems and hospital administrative system in Covid-19 pandemic period is of utmost importance. Objective: The scope of study is to assess the preparedness, response competencies of administrative staff and resilience of health system as well as to highlight the need of modernizing the role of the above three components. Methods: 175 executives from public hospitals of the seven Regional Health Authorities in Greece participated in an online survey. Demographic, occupational data were collected and presented with correlations of individual variables. Results: The mental working condition of staff became much worse. The 96,7% of participants believed that the country does not implement a pandemic preparedness plan while 83,3% think that this plan has not been updated. Also, 38.9% of participants had no idea whether the strengthening of health system resilience is a current preoccupation of health policy makers. Conclusions: Measures of new managements are considered necessary for a successful reform effort. The organization of health systems and development of medical countermeasures are suggested as essential for the preparedness and response of Healthcare Administrative Staff of the Public Hospitals as well as the resilience of Greek Health System. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/XSMT1055 https://doi.org/10.61873/XSMT1055 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34852/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34852/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/XEVC6813 2024-06-19 rcpp

Ketamine as a treatment of stress-induced maternal depression in mice: effects on offspring behaviour Thanoon,Taqwa Althanoon,Zeina maternal depression maternal adversity ketamine fluoxetine offspring behaviour anxiety anhedonia despair Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 125-132 Maternal depression during pregnancy adversely affects offspring neurodevelopment and behaviour. Typical antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have limitations due to risks of crossing the placenta. Ketamine has emerged as a promising alternative treatment. This research examined ketamine’s effects on offspring of maternally stressed mice. Dams were divided into control, maternal adversity, fluoxetine, and ketamine groups. Open field, sucrose preference, elevated plus maze, and forced swim tests assessed offspring anxiety, anhedonia, and despair. Maternal adversity increased anxiety-like behaviours and ketamine or fluoxetine reversed some effects. However, fluoxetine more effectively mitigated despair in forced swim tests. Ketamine moderately alleviated anhedonia versus controls. Further research on dose-response and timing is needed to optimize ketamine treatment. Mitigating maternal depression is crucial for preventing maladaptive offspring neurobehavioral trajectories. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/XEVC6813 https://doi.org/10.61873/XEVC6813 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34853/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34853/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/RAKS3606 2024-06-19 rcpp

The psychiatric nursing care quality questionnaire (PNCQQ) Argyriadis,Alexandros Vlachou,Chrisi Patelarou,Athina Patelarou,Evridiki Kotrotsiou,Stiliani Argyriadi,Agathi psychiatric nursing cultural diversity care quality questionnaire development Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 133-138 Introduction: In response to the growing recognition of the importance of the quality care in psychiatric nursing, this study introduces the Psychiatric Nursing Care Quality Questionnaire (PNCQQ) designed to evaluate the quality of care provided to psychiatric patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. Aim: The aim of this research was to develop and validate a comprehensive tool that addresses the unique needs and perceptions of patients across various cultural contexts. Materials and Methods: The development of the PNCQQ involved a rigorous methodology encompassing item generation, expert review, and pilot testing to ensure its relevance and cultural appropriateness. Subsequently, a validation study was conducted with a diverse sample of psychiatric patients to assess the reliability, validity, and cultural sensitivity of the questionnaire. Results: A total of 932 psychiatric patients completed the Psychiatric Nursing Care Quality Questionnaire (PNCQQ) as part of the study. The sample consisted of 57.3% female and 42.7% male participants. The age of participants ranged from 18 to 75 years, with a mean age of 37.8 years. Results indicate robust psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, supporting the utility of the PNCQQ in assessing nursing care quality across diverse cultural populations. Conclusions: The implications of this research underscore the importance of culturally competent care in psychiatric nursing practice and highlight the value of utilizing validated instruments to enhance care delivery. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/RAKS3606 https://doi.org/10.61873/RAKS3606 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34855/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34855/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/LITC7985 2024-06-19 rcpp

The antihyperlipidemic effects of coenzyme Q10 and gemfibrozil on hyperlipidemic male rats: a comparative study Mohamedali,Shahad Khaleel,Shahad Ibrahim,Doaa Shanshal,Sadeel lipoproteins hyperlipidemia liver enzymes gemfibrozil coenzyme Q10 Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 139-145 Dyslipidemia is considered as the most common risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and fatty liver disease. The available therapy aimed to decrease lipid profile and reduced long-term risk which do require lifelong therapy, hence adverse effects are suggestive. The goal of the present study is to compare the antihyperlipidemic influence and hepatic side effects of CoQ10 and gemfibrozil in the hyperlipidemic male rats model. Twenty-five albino rats were divided into 5 groups: group 1 (normal group), group 2 (olive oil group), group 3 (hyperlipidemia-induced group) group 4 (CoQ10-treated group), and group 5 (gemfibrozil-treated group). Induction of hyperlipidemia lasts for 90 days and treatment lasts for 30 days. Serum liver enzyme analysis and liver histological study conducted to demonstrate the safety profile of the treatment agents. Analysis of the data revealed that the lipid profile parameters (except HDL) and liver enzymes were significantly (p info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/LITC7985 https://doi.org/10.61873/LITC7985 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34856/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34856/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/JMSS4810 2024-06-19 rcpp

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on occupational satisfaction, work-related stress of nursing personnel and quality of patient care Gakikou,Stavroula Roupa,Zoe Noula,Maria Kotrotsiou,Evangelia occupational satisfaction work-related stress nurses COVID-19 pandemic quality of care Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 147-152 Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated adversities associated with the working conditions of healthcare professionals, contributing to the deterioration of their physical and mental health, particularly as a result of work overload and daily stressors such as long working hours, low pay, lack of professional recognition, and high risk of infection. Purpose: The investigation of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, on occupational satisfaction, on work-related stress and in the quality of care of the nursing staff. Material and Method: Articles were searched in the electronic databases Medline, PubMed central, and Google Scholar. In Medline databases, PubMed central, Google Scholar, the combination of indexing words was used: “occupational satisfaction, nurses, quality of patient care, Covid -19 pandemic”, while in the PubMed database the advanced search option was used and the key words: “work-related stress, nurses, quality of care, Covid-19 pandemic”. Results: From the literature search, ten (10) studies met the inclusion criteria of the review. Upon analysis of these ten (10) studies, six (6) found an impact on occupational satisfaction affecting the quality of care, and four (4) studies identified a relationship between work-related stress and quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Discussion – Conclusions: The collection of data and their analysis demonstrated that the healthcare system was severely tested during the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors influencing the occupational satisfaction and work-related stress of nurses, as well as patient care quality, include the increase in patient numbers, workload and working conditions, prolonged work hours, and shortages of staff and resources. Healthcare professionals endeavoured to cope with challenging work conditions, aiming ultimately to provide the best possible care to patients. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/JMSS4810 https://doi.org/10.61873/JMSS4810 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34857/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34857/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/CHCD3910 2024-07-02 rcpp

The impact of surgical intervention on statographic parameters of patients with diabetic foot syndrome Tamm,Tamara Mamontov,Ivan Nepomnyashchy,Valentin Danylova,Olha Sokol,Kostiantyn diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) diabetes mellitus biomechanics of the foot statography treatment method Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 153-160 Taking into account that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to increase worldwide, secondary complications associated with this endocrine disorder are becoming increasingly common. Disruption of glucose homeostasis and hyperglycemia lead to the activation of several pathological metabolic pathways, contributing to the development of vascular insufficiency and neurodegenerative processes in the lower limbs. These processes are the causes of a condition known as diabetic foot syndrome (DFS), which requires special attention and meticulous treatment. Complications in the form of trophic ulcers of the lower limbs are one of the serious consequences of diabetes mellitus (DM) since they often lead to severe medical and social problems, including high rates of limb amputations. The purpose of the research is to investigate the redistribution of plantar pressure depending on the volume of surgical intervention in patients with diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) by measuring individual statographic parameters. The analysis of a series of parameters from statographic studies in patients with diabetic foot syndrome undergoing various volumes of surgical interventions has allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the features of vertical standing of these patients. In the course of the research, it has been revealed that as the support area of the operated foot decreases, there is an increase in body oscillation in both the sagittal and frontal planes relative to the support area. It has been proven that in cases with a normal support area of the foot, the relative body oscillation decreases. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Systematic Review text/html info:doi:10.61873/CHCD3910 https://doi.org/10.61873/CHCD3910 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34858/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34858/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/DAQO3640 2024-07-02 rcpp

In silico study of five new sulfonamide derivatives bearing a thiazolidine-4-one moiety: targeting carbonic anhydrase IX naji,zahraa Naser,Noor in silico Ccancer sulfanilamide derivatives thiazolidinone moiety carbonic anhydrase Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 161-173 Molecular docking simulations were utilized to determine the binding affinities of five compounds produced. These compounds were IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, and IVe. Chemicals derived from thiazolidin-4-one were designed to target cancer and human carbonic anhydrase IX (PDB code: 4M2V). These chemicals were designed to target humans. Our detailed sketching of the structure of the molecules was accomplished with the help of Chem Draw Ultra 12.0. To validate the compounds produced, the S. score and Rmsd values of the compounds were examined using the Molecular Operating Environment program. In contrast to acetazolamide, the proteins of the synthesized compounds had considerable binding affinities with the receptor active pocket, which suggested potential activity against cancer. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/DAQO3640 https://doi.org/10.61873/DAQO3640 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34859/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34859/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/ZFOR1179 2024-07-02 rcpp

Economic perspectives in pharmaceuticals: market dynamics and pricing of medications Borisyuk,Iryna Shevchenko,Mariia Tiutiunnyk,Anna Kovalenco,Polina Surtaieva,Nataliia pharmaceutical industry medicines pricing reimbursement competition Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 175-185 Background: Analysing the modern pharmaceutical market is crucial for making management decisions, forming strategies, and ensuring competitiveness in this sector. Aim: Determination of the impact of various economic factors of the pharmaceutical industry on market conditions and development of economically justified areas of cost formation in the pharmaceutical market. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of scientific publications in the search databases Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and Google Scholar was conducted. Statistical research methods used are observation, index and regression analysis. The methods of benchmarking analysis and interpretation were applied. Results: A detailed examination of published works by scientists and doctors has highlighted critical problems in forming the cost of medicinal products in the pharmaceutical market. The use of medicines worldwide and in individual countries has been considered, and a trend of increasing revenue in the global pharmaceutical market has been identified. The main approaches to forming pricing models in the pharmaceutical industry have been summarised. The peculiarities of the formation of EU legislation on the registration, production, sale, and quality control of medicinal products have been highlighted. The characteristics of the functioning of reimbursement programmes in certain countries worldwide have been described. A benchmarking analysis of the pharmaceutical market economy in Ukraine and the European Union has been conducted. Conclusions: The main directions for improving pricing policy in the modern pharmaceutical market have been outlined. It has been established that the main directions for forming the cost of medicinal products are expenses on research and development, costs of goods sold and patent expenses, marketing and advertising, regulatory and permitting procedures, and market competition. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Systematic Review text/html info:doi:10.61873/ZFOR1179 https://doi.org/10.61873/ZFOR1179 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34860/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34860/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/AGND5435 2024-07-04 rcpp

Unrevealing the total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of Garden Cress seed ethanolic extracts Abdulaziz,Noora Mohammed,Eman Khalil,Raghad F. Mustafa,Yasser Lepidium sativum ethanolic extract free radical scavenging anti-inflammatory cytotoxic cytoprotective Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 187-196 For many years, natural bioactives have been used to treat, cure, and prevent diseases. Crude extracts from fruit seeds have been demonstrated to possess a range of advantageous biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumorous effects. In this study, the seeds of Garden Cress ( Lepidium sativum , Cr) were extracted using ethanol as a solvent and two extraction techniques. These methods are microwave-facilitated extraction and successive microwave-ultrasound-assisted extraction, resulting in Cr-1 and Cr-2, respectively. These two ethanolic extracts were investigated for several biochemical characteristics, including flavonoid content, phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and cytoprotective effects. The first and second characteristics were computed using the colorimetric AlCl 3 and Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant characteristic was investigated against two reactive species, named hydroxyl and DPPH. Also, the total reducing power was calculated in this regard. The anti-inflammatory-reducing characteristics of the extracts were evaluated employing three inflammation-progressing enzymes. The last two characteristics were assessed using MTT-based methodology in two malignant and one healthy cellular population, respectively. The outcomes demonstrated that the extract of microwave-facilitation (Cr-1) has the highest flavonoid and phenolic contents, as well as the best antioxidant activity. Furthermore, when compared to the other one, Cr-1 showed a greater inhibitory effect on inflammation-progressing enzymes and selectivity against COX2. At the applied concentrations, neither extract, however, had any antiproliferative effect on malignant or healthy cellular lines. Moreover, the extracts had no additional influence on the ability of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to stop the proliferation of malignant cells. However, when the extracts were individually applied with 5-FU, the cytotoxic capability of the drug in healthy cellular populations was substantially lowered. Given these findings, the authors concluded that using Cr-1 together with 5-FU may serve as a measure of normal cellular protection. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/AGND5435 https://doi.org/10.61873/AGND5435 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34861/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34861/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/TOZB6842 2024-07-09 rcpp

Aripiprazole cognitive effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in experimental mouse model Qasim,Halima Jabber,Israa Ahmed,Sami Merkhan,Marwan aripiprazole ADHD dopamine social isolation schizophrenia psychostimulant Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 197-204 Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of children’s neurodevelopmental psychological disorders with ideal therapy obscure. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic medication with a unique mechanism of action that enhances dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex in turn it might executive function in ADHD patients. This study aimed to clarify the impact of aripiprazole on ADHD using a socially isolated (SI) mice model. Methods: In the current study we used early-life SI mice as models for ADHD and tested three different doses of aripiprazole on attention set-shifting performance. The socially Isolated mice are known to have impairment in attentional set-shifting. Socially housed and isolated reared mice across different doses of aripiprazole for each stage were cross-matched for comparison. Results: Socially isolated mice showed selective great deficits in interdimensional discriminations and extradimensional discriminations. Aripiprazole at 3 and 6 mg/kg did greatly mitigate the cognition deficits in comparison with placebo and 1 mg/kg of aripiprazole. Conclusion: The current study results emphasise the positive effect of aripiprazole on cognition. Aripiprazole has the potential to be a treatment for ADHD with a psychostimulatory effect. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/TOZB6842 https://doi.org/10.61873/TOZB6842 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34862/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34862/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/IBTM5678 2024-07-18 rcpp

Trihexyphenidyl has a psychostimulant-like effect on mice Althanoon,Zeina Alchalaby,Loay Ramzi,Farah Merkhan,Marwan trihexyphenidyl dopamine psychostimulant mice open field test forced swim test Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 205-210 Trihexyphenidyl is an antimuscarinic agent used for managing motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite its therapeutic use, trihexyphenidyl misuse and addiction have been reported. Its antimuscarinic effect alone does not explain this abuse potential. This study investigated if trihexyphenidyl produces psychostimulant-like behavioural effects in mice related to dopamine signalling. Male and female mice received 1 or 2 mg/kg trihexyphenidyl orally before open field and forced swim tests. Trihexyphenidyl at 2 mg/kg increased locomotor activity, prevented by olanzapine pre-treatment. It also decreased forced swim test immobility time. These findings suggest trihexyphenidyl has dopamine-mediated psycho-stimulant properties, providing preclinical evidence for its abuse liability. Further studies on trihexyphenidyl’s impact on dopamine neurotransmission and addiction risk are warranted. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/IBTM5678 https://doi.org/10.61873/IBTM5678 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34863/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34863/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/HXXY9643 2024-08-04 rcpp

The potential cardioprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum against 5-fluorouracil cardiotoxicity Ali,Abdulnaser Khalaf,Musab Ahmad,Abdulla 5-fluorouracil cardiotoxicity Ganoderma lucidum inflammation reactive oxygen species Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(2): 211-219 Background: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the commonly used anti-cancer drugs. However, it ranks as the second most common drug that causes cardiotoxicity. Ganoderma lucidum (G.L.) is a mushroom used for centuries for its different therapeutic properties. The aim of the study is to investigate the potential cardioprotective effect of G.L. against 5-FU cardiotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Material and methods: Thirty male Albino rats were divided into five groups. The control group was given normal saline orally for 14 days. The second group was treated as the control for 13 days and then 100 mg/kg 5-FU was administered intraperitoneally on day 14. The third group received G.L. 100 mg/kg orally for 13 days followed by a single 100 mg/kg 5-FU intraperitoneally on day 14. The fourth group was treated with 2 mg/kg enalapril orally for 13 days followed by a single 100 mg/kg 5-FU intraperitoneally on day 14. The last group received G.L. 100 mg/kg orally for 14 days. On day 15 the animals were euthanized, and blood was collected for biochemical analysis of cardiac biomarkers (troponin (TNNI3) and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP)), oxidative stress markers (total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA)), and the pro-inflammatory marker (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)). The heart tissue was isolated for the histopathological investigation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Results: 5-FU administration has led to an increase in the level of H-FABP, TNNI3, MDA, TNF-alpha, and COX-2 expression while it has significantly reduced the level of TAC. G.L. could prevent the 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity via its effect on all the measured parameters. Conclusion: G.L. can potentially offers cardioprotection against 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/HXXY9643 https://doi.org/10.61873/HXXY9643 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34864/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34864/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/KBFF5140 2024-08-17 rcpp

Bio-friendly preparation and characterization of silver nanoparticles from eggshell powder extract: an exploration into their antibacterial and anticancer potential Al-Mawlah,Yasir Hassan,Duaa Alcharrakh,Israa Elfeshawy,Reda AgNPs biosynthetic NPs eggshell extract anti-bacterial anticancer Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 221-231 Background: Nanoparticles have attracted significant attention from researchers due to their intriguing properties, such as size and shape-dependent optical, antimicrobial, and electrical characteristics. Several different preparation techniques have been used to synthesize nanoparticles, including laser ablation, gamma irradiation, electron irradiation, chemical reduction, photochemical methods, microwave processing, and biological synthetic methods. Objective: As part of our research, we conducted experiments involving the extraction of silver nanoparticles from eggshell powder and explored their potential biological applications. Methodology: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from eggshell was analyzed using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity and anticancer potential of the AgNPs were determined using MTT assay against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Results: The UV-visible analysis detected a peak at 480 nm, indicating the crystalline structure of the nanoparticles that were synthesized biologically. These nanoparticles have an average size of approximately 41.68 nm and exhibit a spherical shape. The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited strong antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical bacterial isolates, including Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus hominis and Streptococcus mutans , and Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli , which are commonly associated with nosocomial infections. Through the utilization of the disc diffusion approach. The activity seen can be ascribed to the distinctive biological and physicochemical characteristics of the AgNPs, which aid in the rupture of bacterial cell membranes. The MCF-7 cell line exhibited the highest decrease when exposed to a concentration of 400 µg/mL of AgNPs. The results underline the potential of eggshell extract as an environmentally friendly and effective biological agent for synthesizing AgNPs with strong antibacterial and anticancer activities. Conclusion: AgNPs can be synthesized utilizing eggshell in an environmentally benign manner, and these AgNPs can serve as a cost-effective antibacterial and anticancer agent. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Report text/html info:doi:10.61873/KBFF5140 https://doi.org/10.61873/KBFF5140 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34865/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34865/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/LZWY8467 2024-09-13 rcpp

Using an in vitro pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics model to simulate and assess the pharmacodynamic characteristics of voriconazole against some Candida albicans isolates in humans Abdalwahd,Noor Al-Humadi,Hussam Al-Saigh,Rafal dose-exposure relationship relative optic density pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics fungal growth Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 233-239 Background: Systemic candidiasis can be seen in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Candida albicans is the main causative agent of it. Aim: An in vitro pharmacokinetics (PK) / pharmacodynamics (PD) model has been developed in order to assess voriconazole against Candida albicans isolates. Methodology: This model examined the effect of standard dosing regimens of voriconazole (3.0 and 4.0 mg/kg with peak plasma concentrations of 1.5 and 3 mg/L, respectively) on two C. albicans isolates (the sensitive ATCC-90028 and the resistant ATCC-10231 ). A two-compartment model was used, with a 500-mL beaker filled with RPMI 1640 solution as the external compartment (EC) containing the drug. A peristaltic pump was connected to the beaker so as to circulate the solution into the EC and remove it at the same rate as the drug clearance. Additionally, a dialysis tube was placed in the EC in order to act as an internal compartment (IC), allowing molecules smaller than 20 kD to diffuse freely. The dialysis tubes (IC) were inoculated with C. albicans isolates and incubated, with samples regularly taken for PK and PD studies. PK studies involved sampling from both compartments for drug concentration analysis by using a bioassay, while PD studies monitored fungal growth by assessing the relative optical density. Results: The two simulated doses of 3.0 and 4.0 mg/kg of voriconazole effectively inhibited the growth of the two C. albicans isolates in a dose-dependent manner. The exposure-effect analysis showed over 99% efficacy with 4.0 mg/kg of the drug. Conclusion: Overall, the in vitro PK/PD system accurately demonstrated a significant growth inhibition with both standard doses (3.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) of voriconazole, in a dose-dependent manner. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Report text/html info:doi:10.61873/LZWY8467 https://doi.org/10.61873/LZWY8467 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34866/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34866/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/OSLM1686 2024-09-13 rcpp

Single-dose pharmacodynamics of minocycline against a mixed staphylococcal infection in an in vitro pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics model simulating human serum levels Jihad,Safa Al-Saigh,Rafal Al-Humadi,Hussam exposure-effect relationship S. epidermidis S. aureus pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 241-247 Background: A mixed staphylococcal infection is a frequent opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and is often fatal, particularly in those with severe burns or other critical conditions. While S. aureus is typically the main culprit, S. epidermidis can also contribute significantly. Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic, can be effective on its own against multi-resistant staphylococcal infections. However, its exact effectiveness against different staphylococcal species is not fully known. Aim: We, herein, studied the efficacy of minocycline against two staphylococcal species ( S. aureus ATCC-25923 and S. epidermidis ATCC-12228 ), either alone or together, by using a new in vitro pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) system. Methodology: This PK/PD system simulates minocycline human plasma levels with a C max of 2 and 4 mg/L, and allowed us to monitor bacterial growth spectrophotometrically based on the relative optical density (ROD) at 600 nm. Results: These two staphylococcal isolates ( S. aureus ATCC-25923 and S. epidermidis ATCC-12228 ) had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.125 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, which were tested in duplicate in an in vitro PK system with a fAUC 0-24 and a half-life of 12 h. The area under the bacterial growth curve (AUG ROD ) was used as the PD parameter. The in vitro PK/PD relationship was then used in order to assess the efficacy of minocycline through the fAUC 0-24 -AUG ROD relationship, which followed a sigmoid pattern (R 2 =0.874). Conclusion: The in vitro PK/PD modelling of minocycline’s activity showed that the standard dose of 4 mg/L can result in a drug exposure associated with maximal efficacy against each isolate, alone or together. However, a mixed staphylococcal infection with both isolates was associated with the best minocycline efficacy compared to S. aureus alone, although it was still non-significant. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Report text/html info:doi:10.61873/OSLM1686 https://doi.org/10.61873/OSLM1686 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34867/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34867/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/VSGM6033 2024-09-24 rcpp

The role of innovation in healthcare management for long-term progress: a systematic review Stamati,Pinelopi Bilali,Anna Gatanas,Kiriaki Ntourakis,Aleksandros Ntouraki,Evanthia Tsakmaki,Theano Delga,Dimitra Sarigiannidou,Anastasia Anagnosti,Frosyna healthcare management innovation AI systematic review Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 249-258 Background: The crucial role of innovation in healthcare management today as a driving force for long-term progress is more important than ever. Effective healthcare management is pivotal in achieving optimal health outcomes and operational excellence. Innovation in healthcare management refers to the implementation of contemporary or significantly improved methods, practices, or technologies that lead to better health outcomes, greater efficiency, and ameliorated patient experiences. Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to identify and analyze innovative practices in healthcare management that contribute to long-term progress. Methodology: An electronic search was conducted and databases included PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, so as to examine the relevant material between January 2024 and May 2024. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were implemented. “Healthcare, management, innovation, AI, progress, long-term” was the combination of indexing words that was used. Results: Based on the undertaken search, a total of ten studies met the eligibility criteria as for the specific systematic review. Regarding the analysis of these ten studies, two were cross-sectional studies, two were qualitative studies, one was a qualitative interview study, one was a qualitative research through face-to-face survey, one was a quantitative study, one was a descriptive survey design, one was a study based on longitudinal data, and one was a study employing a multimethod qualitative approach. Conclusion: The role of innovation in healthcare management for long-term progress is pretty valuable. By offering solid leadership, a supportive culture, and a patient-centered approach, managers can promote innovation in healthcare organizations effectively and sustainably. Hence, there could be better patient outcomes and more motivated and engaged employees as a result of the effective implementation of innovation in healthcare management. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Evidence Synthesis text/html info:doi:10.61873/VSGM6033 https://doi.org/10.61873/VSGM6033 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34872/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34872/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/UCHB6154 2024-09-30 rcpp

Neonatal hypoglycemia: a review of the current diagnostic and management guidelines Zervoglou,Kyriaki Harizopoulou,Vikentia Bouroutzoglou,Maria Kallia,Thomai Antonakou,Angeliki neonatal hypoglycemia blood glucose levels definition guidelines management Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 259-271 Neonatal hypoglycemia is the most common metabolic disorder during the neonatal period. Despite its frequency of occurrence, there is no specific glucose concentration that defines it. Various symptoms and clinical manifestations characterize it, and its complications are related to its severity and duration. This review aims at comparing the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine regarding the risk factors, the diagnosis, and the management of hypoglycemia. The complexity of hypoglycemia management and the research questions that need to be answered are highlighted by comparing the three guidelines. Preventing neonatal hypoglycemia by monitoring the maternal glucose concentrations, exploring and defining the optimal glycemic targets, investigating the long-term benefits after following these guidelines, and searching for less invasive diagnostic and therapeutic tools may help healthcare professionals make informed decisions to achieve better outcomes for these neonates. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.61873/UCHB6154 https://doi.org/10.61873/UCHB6154 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34873/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34873/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/DSPQ4535 2024-10-07 rcpp

Trimetazidine protects against acute indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal, hepatic, and renal injury in rats Yahya,Momenah Althanoon,Zeina gastroprotection indomethacin peptic ulcer renoprotection trimetazidine Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 273-281 Background: Peptic ulcers are increasingly reported as a challenging disease in clinical settings. Several medications are employed in the management of peptic ulcers. Thus far, there is no medication devoid of any adverse effects that may achieve a 100% curative rate or provide a total remedy for the ailment. Aim: We aimed to examine the healing effects of trimetazidine against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in albino rats. Methodology: A total of 25 rats were used, divided into five groups (each group contained five rats): a negative control group that was only treated with distilled water, a positive control group that was only treated with a single dose of indomethacin (30 mg/kg) orally, a group that received indomethacin (30 mg/kg) and low doses of trimetazidine (17.5 mg/kg) orally, a group that received indomethacin (30 mg/kg) and medium doses of trimetazidine (35 mg/kg) orally, and a group that received indomethacin (30 mg/kg) and high doses of trimetazidine (52.5 mg/kg) orally. The induction of gastric ulcers occurred on the first day of the experiment through the administered indomethacin and, subsequently, the rats were treated orally with either trimetazidine or distilled water, three times daily, for 7 days. Serum urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and albumin levels were measured. Stomachs were excised from the rats’ bodies and opened along the greater curvature; they were then rinsed with saline, extended on a white corkboard, and examined macroscopically. The stomach tissues were also processed in order to generate microscopic slides for microscopical examination. Results: Indomethacin administration caused multiple ulcerations in the gastric mucosa, significant elevations in serum urea, creatinine, AST, and ALT levels, and a significant reduction of the serum albumin levels. The treatment with trimetazidine significantly healed the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers. Conclusion: The present study indicates that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin can induce substantial gastric ulcers, which may be linked to a direct toxic effect on the histological architecture of the gastric linings in addition to the reduction of blood flow to gastric mucosa; this effect can be treated by administration of trimetazidine. Ultimately, this study suggests that administering the optimal dosage of trimetazidine can be advantageous in treating stomach ulcers caused by NSAIDs. Moreover, the study suggests that the indomethacin-induced liver and renal dysfunction can also be alleviated by the use of trimetazidine. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Report text/html info:doi:10.61873/DSPQ4535 https://doi.org/10.61873/DSPQ4535 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34874/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34874/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/DERC5205 2024-10-08 rcpp

Histological assessment of the effect of ginger on the healing of chemically-induced aphthous ulceration in rabbits Mahmood,Abdulsattar Al-Kazzaz,Sahar Al-Saffar,Maha aphthous ulcer ginger oral diseases topical ginger ulcer Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 283-289 Background: An aphthous ulcer is a painful and recurrent oral mucosal inflammation that is retractable to treatments and resistant to healing. Conventional treatments include a variety of antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic therapies, yet their efficacy remains inconsistent. Aim: The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of ginger powder on the healing of chemically-induced aphthous ulcers in rabbits. Methodology: Twelve healthy rabbits were divided into control and ginger-treatment groups. Aphthous ulcers were induced in both groups. The treatment group received ginger powder topically in the socket every 24 h, for 7 days. Subsequently, all animals were sacrificed, and specimens were collected for macroscopic and histological examination. Results: Histological analysis of the ulcer sites on days 3 and 7 post-induction revealed that ginger-treated ulcers exhibited enhanced healing, as evidenced by increased collagen deposition, fibroblast proliferation, and re-epithelialization. Macroscopic observations also confirmed a faster regression of necrotic tissue and a reduced ulcer size in the ginger-treated group (as compared to the control group). Histological analysis has indicated significant differences in inflammation and blood vessel congestion between the two groups, particularly on day 7. Conclusion: The findings of this study reveal that locally applied ginger can enhance the healing in chemically-induced aphthous ulcers in rabbits, which may support its use in clinical practice. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Report text/html info:doi:10.61873/DERC5205 https://doi.org/10.61873/DERC5205 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34878/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34878/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/EYQY2527 2024-10-09 rcpp

Lecithin’s antioxidant properties protect against cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity and infertility in male rats radhi,zahraa Gatea,Fouad lecithin cyclophosphamide testicular damage infertility oxidative stress Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 291-300 Background: Infertility is a prevalent problem that affects 15% of couples globally. Male infertility, which accounts for half of all cases, can be caused by several factors, including aging, drug use, genetic problems, and exposure to environmental toxins. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a commonly utilized immunosuppressant and anticancer medication that can induce oxidative stress and harm the reproductive system of men. The beneficial effects of antioxidants in mitigating the CP-induced reproductive toxicities are well-documented. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of lecithin (as an antioxidant) against the CP-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Methodology: Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three groups: (i) the negative control group (that received sterile water via the intragastric route for 13 consecutive days), (ii) the positive control group (that received sterile water via the intragastric route for 5 days and, subsequently, a single, intraperitoneal dose of CP on day 6, followed by sterile water via the intragastric route for the next 7 consecutive days), and (iii) the lecithin-treated group (that received lecithin via the intragastric route for 5 days and, subsequently, a single, intraperitoneal dose of CP on day 6, followed by lecithin via the intragastric route for the next 7 consecutive days). Results: Lecithin treatment improved sperm parameters, plasmatic testosterone levels, and glutathione peroxidase, thereby preventing histopathological alterations in the rat testes. Conclusion: Lecithin demonstrated its potential protective effects against reproductive impairments and oxidative stress in the CP-treated rat group, and might prove promising for use in clinical practice as a protective agent against chemotherapy-induced male reproductive toxicity and infertility. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Report text/html info:doi:10.61873/EYQY2527 https://doi.org/10.61873/EYQY2527 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34879/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34879/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/PJZX5073 2024-10-16 rcpp

The maternity dashboard is an effective tool for the improvement of maternal and neonatal care outcomes: a prospective observational study from Iraq Alsaigh,Noor Al-Ani,Waleed Arif Tawfeeq maternity dashboard quality indicators caesarean section neonatal intensive care stillbirth Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 301-309 Background: The implementation of maternal dashboards in hospitals is both feasible and effective in improving healthcare quality. The dashboards provide rapid feedback on local outcomes in an accessible format and enable early detection of potential problems. They serve as a simple computerized tool that graphically presents the health facility’s clinical data, utilizing a traffic-light coding system so as to alert front-line staff about changes in the frequency of clinical outcomes. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the maternity dashboard in improving maternal health, reducing Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admissions, as well as enhancing maternal and neonatal outcomes in an Iraqi hospital. Methodology: Data were collected over one year, from January 1st to December 30th, 2023. A prospective observational study (hospital-based record review) was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Teaching Hospital in Kerbala, Iraq. Data were obtained from the medical records of all patients admitted to the obstetrical ward for labor, delivery, and the postpartum period during 2023. The maternal dashboard, a traffic light program (green, amber, red), was used in order to monitor outcomes. Data were collected manually from the outpatient department, the labor ward, the NICU registers, and the electronic records by using Excel. Results: A total of 136,519 women (who were either pregnant, in labor, or postpartum for up to 42 days) were admitted to the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Teaching Hospital in Kerbala during the study period, with 18,791 of them delivering. The implementation of the maternity dashboard resulted in significant changes: the normal vaginal delivery rate increased from 66% to 68% ( p =0.0024), the caesarean section rate decreased from 33% to 31% ( p =0.0001), the stillbirth monthly cases declined from 16±5 to 12±3 ( p <0.05), the NICU admission monthly instances decreased from 96±14 to 71±17 ( p <0.05), and early neonatal death monthly cases were reduced from 12±5 to 9±3 ( p <0.05). Conclusion: The study results show that maternity dashboards are vital instruments for monitoring and improving the quality of maternity care. They effectively enhance maternal and neonatal care quality indicators when comparing results before and after their implementation. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Report text/html info:doi:10.61873/PJZX5073 https://doi.org/10.61873/PJZX5073 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34880/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34880/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/FCLZ4180 2024-10-16 rcpp

Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in sheep and goats in rural areas of Al-Muthanna Province, Iraq Al-Kaabi,Nawras Aljobory,Qasim Jawad Amer Alkaabawi,Naer Abdulbari Madlool antiprotozoal cryptosporidiosis epidemiology parasitic infection protozoa Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 311-316 Background: Cryptosporidium species are widespread protozoa and are considered an important cause of diarrhea in humans and animals. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic sheep and goats from the rural areas of the Al-Muthanna Province, southern Iraq, based on molecular screening using PCR. The outcomes would help in determining the distribution of C. parvum in sheep and goats in the area, as well as the risk factors for the infection. Methodology: Sixty fecal samples were collected from clinically ill sheep and goats. The samples were submitted to PCR and sequencing that targeted the 18S rRNA gene in the protozoan. Results: The PCR revealed a 60% (18 samples) and 76.67% (23 samples) positive identification of C. parvum in sheep and goats, respectively. The sequencing demonstrated nucleotide similarities with isolates deriving from Iraq (MG878399.1) and India (JN836324.1) for the sheep isolates, and with isolates deriving from South Korea (DQ054819.1) and the USA (AF159112.1) for the goat isolates. Conclusion: C. parvum is the dominant species in the sheep and goats of Al-Muthanna Province, in southern Iraq. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the current study’s isolates may share the same ancestor with local and global isolates. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Report text/html info:doi:10.61873/FCLZ4180 https://doi.org/10.61873/FCLZ4180 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34882/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34882/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/ZEKU1257 2024-11-06 rcpp

Hormonal suppression in premenopausal patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: a randomized trial comparing monthly versus trimonthly GnRH analogs Tsikouras,Panagiotis Zervoudis,Stefanos Sarantis,Nicole-Dimitra Kyritsi,Antigoni-Dimitra Spanopoulos,Christos Iatrakis,George Mastorakos,Georgios breast cancer GnRH analogs premenopausal status ovarian suppression trimonthly injection Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 317-326 Background: Currently the standard of care for premenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer is the combined use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog with either tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor in patients at high risk for relapse or when it is deemed necessary to optimize ovarian function suppression. Monthly GnRH analogs have been used for years but, recently, longer-acting formulations have been gaining approval. Yet, there is still a gap of evidence regarding the use of longer-acting formulations; only a few studies exist that examine their efficacy in breast cancer and compare them to the monthly formulations. It is the investigators’ hypothesis that trimonthly injections, which are more convenient for the patient and ensure better compliance, are better suited for use in breast cancer patients and may induce equally effective estrogen suppression as the monthly injections. Aim: A comparison of trimonthly versus monthly GnRH analogs in eliciting ovarian function suppression in premenopausal patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Methodology: This is a prospective randomized open-label trial involving 25 premenopausal patients that were randomized to receive either a monthly or a trimonthly GnRH analog. Estrogen (E2) levels, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured on day 0 and on week 12. Patients, also, completed a questionnaire regarding exhibiting amenorrhea and other side-effects of the analogs. Results: All patients (N=25; 100%) from both groups achieved ovarian function suppression according to the criteria set by the researchers, which are E2 levels <30 pg/mL and amenorrhea. Both groups exhibited a statistically significant decrease (almost by 50%) in E2 levels by week 12 (monthly group: E2 levels’ decrease equal to -18.5 pg/mL, p =0.00293; trimonthly group: E2 levels’ decrease equal to -13.9 pg/mL, p =0.0002441). On the contrary, FSH and LH levels did not show a statistically significant difference in either group. Moreover, when the two groups were compared, there was no statistically significant difference in the variation of all hormone levels between day 0 and week 12. All patients developed amenorrhea. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of side-effects between the two groups, even though the trimonthly group had fewer (in absolute number) side-effects than the monthly. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the trimonthly formulations of GnRH analogs are equally effective in eliciting ovarian function suppression and present a similar percentage of side-effects as the monthly formulations, with the added benefit that patients need not undergo monthly injections. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Report text/html info:doi:10.61873/ZEKU1257 https://doi.org/10.61873/ZEKU1257 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34883/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34883/download/pdf/ en

10.61873/CFJQ3788 2024-11-12 rcpp

Vancomycin-induced acute kidney injury in rats: beneficial effects deriving from the co-administration of tadalafil or vitamin C Mohammed,Naseer Al-Saedi,Haider nephrotoxicity oxidative stress tadalafil vitamin C vancomycin Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 38(3): 327-334 Background:Vancomycin (VAN) is widely employed in clinical settings for the treatment of severe infections attributable to multi-resistant bacteria, with a notable emphasis on Gram-positive strains. However, its therapeutic usage is significantly hampered by the potential for acute kidney injury (AKI); specifically, the nephrotoxic effects it can exert. In controlled experimental studies, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of VAN at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day over a consecutive seven-day period has been shown to induce considerable AKI in rats. In addressing this concern, vitamin C (VC), recognized traditionally for its antioxidant properties, has been utilized to mitigate various forms of organ damage and inflammatory responses, primarily by diminishing oxidative stress and attenuating inflammation. Concurrently, tadalafil (TAD), a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor commonly associated with the treatment of erectile dysfunction, is also noted for its beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, alongside vasodilatory properties.Aim:This study was designed in order to investigate the protective capabilities of TAD or VC against the VAN-induced nephrotoxic effects in a rat model of AKI.Methodology:A total of 24 male albino Wistar rats were allocated into four distinct groups for the purpose of comparative analysis. Following treatment, both kidney and blood samples were obtained for further evaluation. The study randomized the rats into four categories: group 1 served as the control group, group 2 received VAN at a dosage of 400 mg/kg (via an i.p. injection on a daily basis), group 3 was administered VAN (400 mg/kg; i.p., daily) in conjunction with TAD at a dose of 5 mg/kg daily, and group 4 was given VAN (400 mg/kg; i.p., daily) alongside VC at a dosage of 200 mg/kg daily.Results:Evaluations included the measurement of renal function indicators such as the serum levels of urea, of creatinine, and the creatinine clearance. Additionally, the analysis involved the assessment of antioxidant markers in renal tissue homogenates, including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. To further elucidate the inflammatory response, indices such as the levels of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the interleukins (IL)-1β and IL-6, and the nuclear factor-κB were evaluated within the renal tissue homogenate samples of the studied rats. The administration of VAN resulted in a marked elevation of renal biomarkers and inflammatory indices, alongside a significant reduction in antioxidant levels, with an exception for MDA (which exhibited increased levels); these changes reached statistical significance (p info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/2945-1922 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1011-6583 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 PHARMAKON-Press 2024 Research Report text/html info:doi:10.61873/CFJQ3788 https://doi.org/10.61873/CFJQ3788 https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34885/ https://rcpp-ie.com/article/34885/download/pdf/ en cGFnZT0xJnNldD1yY3BwJmZyb209JnVudGlsPSZtZXRhZGF0YV9wcmVmaXg9b2FpX2Rj