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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">143</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:892805cc-c5d0-571f-8841-3ba335035073</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics – International Edition</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">RCPP</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1011-6583</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2945-1922</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>PHARMAKON-Press</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.61873/OSLM1686</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">34867</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Single-dose pharmacodynamics of minocycline against a mixed staphylococcal infection in an <italic>in vitro</italic> pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics model simulating human serum levels</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Jihad</surname>
            <given-names>Safa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Al-Saigh</surname>
            <given-names>Rafal J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Al-Humadi</surname>
            <given-names>Hussam W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Babylon</addr-line>
        <country>Iraq</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Babylon</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Babylon</addr-line>
        <country>Iraq</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A3">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Babylon</addr-line>
        <country>Iraq</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A4">
        <label>4</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Babylon</addr-line>
        <country>Iraq</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>38</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>241</fpage>
      <lpage>247</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/D9CF2740-7FEF-54DB-BCF5-BC200E834CD8">D9CF2740-7FEF-54DB-BCF5-BC200E834CD8</uri>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Safa Jihad, Rafal J. Al-Saigh, Hussam W. Al-Humadi</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Background: A mixed staphylococcal infection is a frequent opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and is often fatal, particularly in those with severe burns or other critical conditions. While <i>S. aureus</i> is typically the main culprit, <i>S. epidermidis</i> can also contribute significantly. Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic, can be effective on its own against multi-resistant staphylococcal infections. However, its exact effectiveness against different staphylococcal species is not fully known. <i>Aim:</i> We, herein, studied the efficacy of minocycline against two staphylococcal species ( <i>S. aureus</i>  <i>ATCC-25923</i> and <i>S. epidermidis</i>  <i>ATCC-12228</i> ), either alone or together, by using a new <i>in vitro</i> pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) system. <i>Methodology:</i> This PK/PD system simulates minocycline human plasma levels with a C <sub>max</sub> of 2 and 4 mg/L, and allowed us to monitor bacterial growth spectrophotometrically based on the relative optical density (ROD) at 600 nm. <i>Results:</i> These two staphylococcal isolates ( <i>S. aureus</i>  <i>ATCC-25923</i> and <i>S. epidermidis</i>  <i>ATCC-12228</i> ) had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.125 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, which were tested in duplicate in an <i>in vitro</i> PK system with a fAUC <sub>0-24</sub> and a half-life of 12 h. The area under the bacterial growth curve (AUG <sub>ROD</sub> ) was used as the PD parameter. The <i>in vitro</i> PK/PD relationship was then used in order to assess the efficacy of minocycline through the fAUC <sub>0-24</sub> -AUG <sub>ROD</sub> relationship, which followed a sigmoid pattern (R <sup>2</sup> =0.874). <i>Conclusion:</i> The <i>in vitro</i> PK/PD modelling of minocycline’s activity showed that the standard dose of 4 mg/L can result in a drug exposure associated with maximal efficacy against each isolate, alone or together. However, a mixed staphylococcal infection with both isolates was associated with the best minocycline efficacy compared to <i>S. aureus</i> alone, although it was still non-significant.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
