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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">143</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:892805cc-c5d0-571f-8841-3ba335035073</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics – International Edition</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">RCPP</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1011-6583</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2945-1922</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>PHARMAKON-Press</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.61873/IBTM5678</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">34863</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trihexyphenidyl has a psychostimulant-like effect on mice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Althanoon</surname>
            <given-names>Zeina A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Alchalaby</surname>
            <given-names>Loay A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Ramzi</surname>
            <given-names>Farah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Merkhan</surname>
            <given-names>Marwan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq</addr-line>
        <institution>College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Mosul</addr-line>
        <country>Iraq</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>38</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>205</fpage>
      <lpage>210</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/BEAD2848-F940-5B08-8731-E7C03F182B6A">BEAD2848-F940-5B08-8731-E7C03F182B6A</uri>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Zeina A. Althanoon, Loay A. Alchalaby, Farah Ramzi, Marwan Merkhan</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Trihexyphenidyl is an antimuscarinic agent used for managing motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite its therapeutic use, trihexyphenidyl misuse and addiction have been reported. Its antimuscarinic effect alone does not explain this abuse potential. This study investigated if trihexyphenidyl produces psychostimulant-like behavioural effects in mice related to dopamine signalling. Male and female mice received 1 or 2 mg/kg trihexyphenidyl orally before open field and forced swim tests. Trihexyphenidyl at 2 mg/kg increased locomotor activity, prevented by olanzapine pre-treatment. It also decreased forced swim test immobility time. These findings suggest trihexyphenidyl has dopamine-mediated psycho-stimulant properties, providing preclinical evidence for its abuse liability. Further studies on trihexyphenidyl’s impact on dopamine neurotransmission and addiction risk are warranted.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
