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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">143</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:892805cc-c5d0-571f-8841-3ba335035073</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics – International Edition</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">RCPP</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1011-6583</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2945-1922</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>PHARMAKON-Press</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.61873/SEXH5182</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">34776</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of antifungal drugs’ activity against some <italic>Candida albicans</italic> isolates in the presence or absence of human albumin: a study employing an <italic>in vitro</italic> pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics model</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Abdalwahd</surname>
            <given-names>Noor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Al-Saigh</surname>
            <given-names>Rafal J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Al-Humadi</surname>
            <given-names>Hussam W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Hillah</addr-line>
        <country>Iraq</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Babylon</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Hillah</addr-line>
        <country>Iraq</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A3">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Hillah</addr-line>
        <country>Iraq</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A4">
        <label>4</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq</addr-line>
        <institution>College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Hillah</addr-line>
        <country>Iraq</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>38</volume>
      <issue>s2</issue>
      <fpage>39</fpage>
      <lpage>42</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/92B041D9-E55C-5D4C-9877-3C0C18A60BEB">92B041D9-E55C-5D4C-9877-3C0C18A60BEB</uri>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Noor Abdalwahd, Rafal J. Al-Saigh, Hussam W. Al-Humadi</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Invasive candidiasis associated with the dissemination of endogenous <i>Candida</i> species is a fatal condition linked to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Progressive drug resistance necessitates the need for prompt and effective therapy. Therefore, choosing a specific and effective treatment is crucial. A two-compartment <i>in vitro</i> pharmacokinetics (PK) / pharmacodynamics (PD) model has been used for this purpose, and the PD behaviours of amphotericin B (AMB; at 2.5 and 5 mg/L), voriconazole (VOR; at 1.5 and 3 mg/L), and itraconazole (ITR; at 1.5 and 3 mg/L) were assessed against two <i>Candida albicans</i> isolates (a sensitive and resistant one; ATCC-90028 and ATCC-10231, respectively) with or without the addition of human albumin (2%). PK were simulated as time-concentration profiles, while the PD susceptibility of all drug doses has been assessed through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the relative optical density of fungal growth, and the exposure – effect relationship (fAUC <sub>0–24</sub> /MIC). A fungicidal activity without the presence of albumin was seen against both isolates of <i>C. albicans</i> at the highest dose of VOR, while the addition of albumin potentiated the efficacies of AMB and of VOR against both isolates, with no effect for ITR. Finally, human albumin exerted a variable and dose-dependent effect on the activities of some antifungal agents.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
