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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">143</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:892805cc-c5d0-571f-8841-3ba335035073</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">RCPP</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1011-6583</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2945-1922</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>PHARMAKON-Press</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.61873/rcpp.40.e207786</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">207786</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>Clinical pharmacology</subject>
          <subject>Ocular Pharmacology</subject>
          <subject>Pharmacology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Therapeutic landscape for diabetic macular edema: durable strategies with a focus on aflibercept 8 mg</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Basile-Alvarez</surname>
            <given-names>Martín Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">mbasile@facmed.unam.mx</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0078-9710</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Escalante-Buendía</surname>
            <given-names>Erick André</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0531-7085</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Palacios-Aguirre</surname>
            <given-names>Karen A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Ortega Desio</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Bello-Chavolla</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Yaxmehen</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3093-937X</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico</addr-line>
        <institution>Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Mexico City</addr-line>
        <country>Mexico</country>
        <uri content-type="ror">https://ror.org/01tmp8f25</uri>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Hospital Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Mexico City, Mexico</addr-line>
        <institution>Hospital Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Mexico City</addr-line>
        <country>Mexico</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A3">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City, Mexico</addr-line>
        <institution>Instituto Nacional de Geriatría</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Mexico City</addr-line>
        <country>Mexico</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Martín Roberto Basile-Alvarez (<email xlink:type="simple">mbasile@facmed.unam.mx</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: Pragati Singh</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>40</volume>
      <fpage>49</fpage>
      <lpage>61</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/B3D56C38-45C9-5090-A9F2-305D7E8DA0AB">B3D56C38-45C9-5090-A9F2-305D7E8DA0AB</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Martín Roberto Basile-Alvarez, Erick André Escalante-Buendía, Karen A. Palacios-Aguirre, Alejandro Ortega Desio, Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>To evaluate current therapies for diabetic macular edema (DME), with emphasis on durability, safety, access, and the evidence supporting aflibercept 8 mg. An expert-selected narrative synthesis of primary clinical trials, pharmacologic studies, regulatory documents, and selected real-world evidence published from January 1, 2000, through August 8, 2026, was performed. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy remains first-line treatment for most center-involved DME with visual impairment, but observation or focal/grid laser is reasonable for selected eyes with good visual acuity. In PHOTON, aflibercept 8 mg every 12 or 16 weeks after three monthly doses was noninferior to aflibercept 2 mg every 8 weeks for visual acuity at week 48; durability and similar safety were maintained through week 96 with fewer injections. Faricimab, brolucizumab, dexamethasone and fluocinolone implants, and the ranibizumab Port Delivery System offer alternative durability profiles with distinct evidence and risks. Aflibercept 8 mg provides an effective option for extending treatment intervals while maintaining visual and anatomical outcomes; however, no single therapeutic strategy is optimal for all patients. Treatment should therefore be individualized according to visual and anatomical response, ocular and systemic characteristics, patient preference, treatment burden, access, and local health-system constraints.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
